Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) were initially developed as therapeutic options for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, randomized clinical trials have investigated their effects in cardiorenal protection through major adverse cardiovascular event reduction and reductions in diabetic nephropathy. While multiple mechanisms are proposed for this protection, microvascular protection is the primary component of their efficacy. While not primarily emphasized in clinical trials, evidence in other studies suggests that SGLT2i may confer retinoprotective effects via some of the same mechanisms in the aforementioned cardiorenal trials. Diabetic patients are susceptible to vision loss with chronic hyperglycemia promoting inflammation, edema, and retinal pathological changes. Targeting these pathways via SGLT2i may represent opportunities for providers to decrease retinopathy in high-risk T2DM patients, reduce disease progression, and lower drug burden in diabetic retinopathy patients. Further comprehensive clinical trials investigating these associations are needed to establish the potential retinoprotective effects of SGLT2i.

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Introduction: The prevalence and histopathological type of gastric polyp vary between populations. In the recent past aggressive treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and the excessive use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have altered the prevalence of specific types of gastric polyp. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and histopathology background of gastric mucosa in cases with fundic gland polyps (FGP). Material and Methods: The medical record of patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 2 centers in Northern India from 2011-2018 were reviewed. Results: The prevalence of gastric polyps was 5%, of which 900 (50%) were fundic gland polyps (FGP). Mean age of presentation was 51.42 years, 70% were located in fundus/ corpus, 62% had dyspepsia, chronic inactive gastritis (CIG) was present in 60%, 95% were multiple and 27% were more than 1cm in size. Conclusions: As a result of anti-H. pylori treatment and the excessive use of PPIs, FGP are most common in Northern India. CIG, H. pylori gastritis and Intestinal metaplasia were seen in gastric histology of the cases. These results are interesting and provide new perspective to look for pathogenesis of gastric polyps.

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