Background: Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for many important nosocomial outbreaks including pneumonia and septicemia. Various studies have reported the separation of P. aeruginosa producing MBLs enzymes resulted in increases in multiple traditional antibiotics resistance including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. Objectives: In this study, based on the standard phenotypic and genotypic methods, we examined the MBLs possible production of a P. aeruginosa isolate. The main objective was exploring the dissemination of resistant MBL P. aeruginosa in south-west of Iran, Shiraz. Materials and Methods: During a six-month period-from October 2011 to March 2012-240 P. aeruginosa isolates, collected from four teaching hospitals in Shiraz located in southwest of Iran, were examined. The isolates were mainly collected from wound, urine, and sputum. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥4 µg/mL to imipenem was determined by micro-dilution broth. Identification of P. aeruginosa with MBL was detected using double disk synergy test (DDST) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for blaIMP1, blaVIM2, blaSIM1, blaSPM1. All laboratory procedures was according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) recommendations. Results: From 240 P. aeruginosa isolates, 82 (34.16%) isolates were imipenem-resistant (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥4 µg/ mL). Among these imipenem-resistant isolates, 19 (23.3%) MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates were screened using DDST. A specific PCR test confirmed the presence of 18 (21.95%) P. aeruginosa producing blaIMP1 and blaVIM2. Conclusions: Beside our study, the detection of MBL genes were reported in a few studies conducted in Iran. The spread of detected MBLs producing P. aeruginosa were unprecedented in the region due to the lack of independent related researches or the novel incidence of these genes. This detection must be noted by associated clinical and health care services.

Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in human worldwide. The aim of study was to assess the distribution of sialylated lipooligosaccharide (LOS) classes and capsular genotypes in C. jejuni isolated from Iranian children with gastroenteritis. Furthermore, the level of dnaK gene expression in C. jejuni strains with selected capsular genotypes and LOS classes was intended. Moreover, a comprehensive study of C. jejuni MLST-genotypes and inclusive comparison with peer sequences worldwide was intended. Methods Twenty clinical C. jejuni strains were isolated from fecal specimens of 280 children aged 0–5 years, suspected of bacterial gastroenteritis, which admitted to 3 children hospitals from May to October, 2018. Distribution of sialylated LOS classes and specific capsular genotypes were investigated in C. jejuni of clinical origin. The expression of dnaK in C. jejuni strains was measured by Real-Time-PCR. MLST-genotyping was performed to investigate the clonal relationship of clinical C. jejuni strains and comparison with inclusive sequences worldwide. Results C. jejuni HS23/36c was the predominant genotype (45%), followed by HS2 (20%), and HS19 and HS4 (each 10%). A total of 80% of isolates were assigned to LOS class B and C. Higher expression level of dnaK gene was detected in strains with HS23/36c, HS2 and HS4 capsular genotypes and sialylated LOS classes B or C. MLST analysis showed that isolates were highly diverse and represented 6 different sequence types (STs) and 3 clonal complexes (CCs). CC21 and CC257 were the most dominant CCs (75%) among our C. jejuni strains. No new ST and no common ST with our neighbor countries was detected. Conclusions The C. jejuni isolates with LOS class B or C, and capsular genotypes of HS23/36, HS2, HS4 and HS19 were dominant in population under study. The CC21 and CC257 were the largest CCs among our isolates. In overall picture, CC21 and CC353 complexes were the most frequently and widely distributed clonal complexes worldwide, although members of CC353 were not detected in our isolates. This provides a universal picture of movement of dominant Campylobacter strains worldwide.

Background: Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in human worldwide. The aim of study was to assess the distribution of sialylated lipooligosaccharide (LOS) classes and capsular genotypes in C. jejuni isolated from Iranian children with gastroenteritis. Furthermore, the level of dnaK gene expression in C. jejuni strains with selected capsular genotypes and LOS classes was intended. Moreover, a comprehensive study of C. jejuni MLST-genotypes and inclusive comparison with peer sequences worldwide was intended.Methods: Twenty clinical C. jejuni strains were isolated from fecal specimens of 280 children aged 0-5 years, suspected of bacterial gastroenteritis, which admitted to 3 children hospitals from May to October, 2018. Distribution of sialylated LOS classes and specific capsular genotypes were investigated in C. jejuni of clinical origin. The expression of dnaK in C. jejuni strains was measured by Real-Time-PCR. MLST-genotyping was performed to investigate the clonal relationship of clinical C. jejuni strains and comparison with inclusive sequences worldwide.Results: C. jejuni HS23/36c was the predominant genotype (45%), followed by HS2 (20%), and HS19 and HS4 (each 10%). A total of 80% of isolates were assigned to LOS class B and C. Higher expression level of dnaK gene was detected in strains with HS23/36c, HS2 and HS4 capsular genotypes and sialylated LOS classes B or C. MLST analysis showed that isolates were highly diverse and represented 6 different sequence types (STs) and 3 clonal complexes (CCs). CC21 and CC257 were the most dominant CCs (75%) among our C. jejuni strains. No new ST and no common ST with our neighbor countries was detected. Conclusions: The C. jejuni isolates with LOS class B or C, and capsular genotypes of HS23/36, HS2, HS4 and HS19 were dominant in population under study. The CC21 and CC257 were the largest CCs among our isolates. In overall picture, CC21 and CC353 complexes were the most frequently and widely distributed clonal complexes worldwide, although members of CC353 were not detected in our isolates. This provides a universal picture of movement of dominant Campylobacter strains worldwide.

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of GBS-related lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) classes and capsular genotypes among Iranian clinical C. jejuni strains and to assess its relation with dnaK gene expression. Moreover, a comprehensive study of C. jejuni MLST-genotypes and global comparison with peer sequences worldwide was intended.Methods: Distribution of sialylated-LOS classes and specific capsular genotypes were investigated in C.jejuni of clinical origin. The expression of dnaK in C. jejuni strains was measured by Real-Time-PCR. MLST-genotyping was performed to investigate the clonal relationship of clinical C. jejuni strains and comparison with global sequences worldwide.Results: C. jejuni HS23/36c was the predominant genotype (45%), followed by HS2 (20%), and HS19 and HS4 (each 10%). A total of 80% of isolates were assigned to LOS class B and C. Higher expression level of dnaK gene was detected in strains with HS23/36c, HS2 and HS4 capsular genotypes and sialylated LOS classes B or C in this study. MLST analysis showed that isolates were highly diverse and represented 6 different sequence types and 3 clonal complexes. ST-21 and ST-257 complexes were dominants (75%) in our C.jejuni strains. The CC21 was the largest CC in our collection which is consistent with global C.jejuni strains worldwide. No new ST and no common ST with our neighbor countries was detected in this study.Conclusion: Global analysis of MLST results demonstrated that ST-50 (CC21) was widely distributed in different countries, while ST-19 (CC21) and ST-257 (CC257) was less ubiquitously spread. Overall, CC21 and CC353 complexes were most frequent and most widely distributed clonal complexes around the world; although, CC353 was not detected in this study. This shows a picture of movement of dominant Campylobacter strains worldwide. The occurrence of identical clonal complexes with different capsular types and LOS classes in this study is consistent with genetic variation in circulating identical genotypes and their evolution toward different pathotypes probably through acquisition of different genetic elements including LOS and CPS gene clusters.