Counter-terrorism efforts against jihadist groups have been challenging for law enforcement and the military because terrorist organizations constantly update their tactics and mimic the successful strategies of popular and influential groups, such as ISIS, that have developed a specific model for carrying out their destructive acts. ISIS created its terrorism model in 2014 and has used it to control territory, spread its ideology, create provincial branches in different regions, inspire lone actors, and generate revenue. Terrorism databases are full of incidents that involve ISISstyle tactics, targets, and affiliated groups that act as provincial branches of ISIS. This paper examines how ISIS developed its model, what components that model involves, and how the model has influenced not only jihadist groups but also right-wing extremists and drug cartels around the world. The study uses a mixed method of quantative and qualitative research, and the proposed ISIS Model is developed through a rigorous literature review.
Because of supply and demand factors, human trafficking for sexual exploitation has always been a profitable industry. Turkey, as a host country for immigrants from both former Soviet countries and the Middle East, combines supply and demand together, attracting illicit business. Few studies have been conducted in the previous two decades to investigate the organized criminal element of human trafficking in this region. This research is based on ethnographic research in which trafficking victims (N = 11) were interviewed, and on-site observations were made. Our findings revealed that the trafficking industry in our study area was carried out by persons who were only loosely related to one another. There was no sophisticated, long-lasting sex trafficking organization. Membership was not severely limited, and individuals did not identify themselves as members of a well-known criminal organization. We provided policy recommendations and proposals for future research to address female trafficking for sexual exploitation.
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