Abnormal vaginal discharge is a common symptom of genital infection in women. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the various causes of vaginal discharge in sexually active females. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among women aged 15 to 45 years with abnormal vaginal discharge, with or without itching attended at Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka for a period of 6 months. After making the clinical diagnosis, appropriate tests for diagnosing candidiasis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea and bacterial vaginosis were done. Among all patients, organisms responsible for abnormal vaginal discharges were found in 94.8% of the cases, of which vaginal candidiasis (53.6%) was the most common, followed by bacterial vaginosis (29.2%), trichomoniasis (10.8%), gonorrhea (1.2%) and non-specific other urogenital causes (5.2%). The most common age groups affected by vaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis were 26-35 years (64.9%), 26-35 years (27.6%) and 15-25 years (52%) respectively. Gonorrhea was recorded in the age group of 15-25 years (66.7%). Most of the organisms were isolated in the age group of 30-40 years. The causative agent of vaginal candidiasis was the leading cause of vaginal discharge in the age group of sexually active women and next to it was the bacterial vaginosis. A lower rate of Trichomonas vaginalis was found in our study in comparison to other studies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13211 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:35-39
Despite the increasingly widespread adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Australia, a steady pipeline of BIM-ready graduates needed to meet industry demand remains elusive. Anecdotal evidence suggests that universities in Australia have not been successful in delivering BIM-enabled graduates of the right calibre due to a plethora of barriers. This paper aims to identify, define and delineate barriers to integrating BIM education into programs in Australian higher education institutions (HEIs), and unearth the antecedents of these barriers. A post-positivist philosophical design was implemented to undertake a cross sectional and mixed methods approach to collecting and analysing primary data. Data was collected through qualitative methods-18 structured and seven semi-structured interviewswith key BIM educators in Australia. Data were analysed using Nvivo. Findings reveal that four thematic groups of barriers hinder effective BIM education integration in Australian HEIs. These are: 1) change management challenges; 2) curriculum and content limitation; 3) educators' problems; and 4) disconnect with the industry. The research concludes that a major overhaul is needed to change the modus operandi via which the industry, accreditation bodies and government policy makers engage with HEIs to define BIM education programs. However, given a notable dearth of investment and collaboration from the industry and government, HEIs cannot manage the change needed for running effective BIM training programs. Therefore, cross government/industry collaboration and financial support is needed to stimulate a cultural shift in existing HEIs' provisions to generate future generations of highly skilled and competent BIM enabled graduates. This paper represents the first attempt to contextualise HEIs' capacity to deliver advanced BIM training given a wider and prevailing economic and political topology that currently fails to adequately support the supply of fully trained graduates.
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major public health concerns throughout the world. In 2013, there were 382 million people living with DM, and this number is projected to increase to 471 million by 2035. It affects large number of people of wide range of ethnic and economic levels in both developed and developing countries.Objective : The study was undertaken to assess the knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus among rural people in a selected area of Bangladesh.Methods : A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to January 2016 among 400 people of a village of Gazipur district. The data were collected by using pre tested, semi-structured, interviewer administered questionnaire. Non probability purposive sampling technique was followed. Knowledge related variable were initial symptoms, curability, prevention, risk factors, complications, changes occur inside the body, perceived causes and investigation of DM. Data analysis was done by statistical software, SPSS version 20.Results : Out of 400 respondents, majority (47.50%) were in the age group of 21-30 years. Most (58.25%) of them were male and in terms of educational status 80.5% respondents were literate having varying levels of education. Majority (48.75%) of respondents were service holder. Nearly all of respondents (92%) heard about DM and their source of information was from neighbour 28.89% followed by health care provider 27.71%. Majority of respondents had good knowledge regarding initial symptoms 53.80% and curability 60.86% of DM. Most of them had fair knowledge regarding prevention 35.86% and risk factors 48.09% of DM. Majority 70.92% respondents had poor knowledge regarding complications of diabetes mellitus. Most respondents had no knowledge regarding changes occur inside the body 75.27%, perceived causes of DM 61.69% and investigation 61.41% of DM.Conclusion : This study concluded that good knowledge was found on initial symptom and curability of Diabetes mellitus, fair knowledge on risk factor and prevention and poor knowledge was found regarding complications of DM. No knowledge was found regarding changes occur inside the body, perceived causes and investigation of Diabetes mellitus. Therefore, effective awareness and health education program to the rural people regarding various aspects of Diabetes mellitus are in urgent need.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.7(2) Jan 2016: 131-134
This study aimed to explore the changes in medical student's knowledge and attitudes regarding clinical epidemiology and biostatistics (CEB) after community medicine (CM) taught courses. All the 3rd (before CM-taught courses) and 4th year (after CM-taught courses) undergraduate students of Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, were given a questionnaire concerning some introductory level problems on CEB and attitudes towards them. Mean knowledge scores were not statistically different between these two groups: 3.70 and 3.85 (out of 9) on clinical epidemiology; 0.20 and 0.18 (out of 4) on biostatistics; and 3.91 and 4.04 as a total (out of 13) among them, respectively. Most of the 3rd and 4th year students agreed that CEB is essential for smooth understanding of clinical medicine and journals, and asserted to include it in CM-taught courses. Since the current CM-curriculum does not offer any improvement of knowledge among them, well-planned taught courses on it should be included as a component of CM.
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