Integrated on-board battery chargers (OBCs) have been recently introduced as an optimal/elegant solution to increase electric vehicle (EV) market penetration as well as minimize overall EV cost. Unlike conventional off-board and on-board battery chargers, integrated OBCs exploit the existing propulsion equipment for battery charging without extra bulky components and/or dedicated infrastructure. OBCs are broadly categorized into three-phase and single-phase types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. This paper starts with surveying the main topologies introduced in the recent literature employing either induction or permanent magnet motors to realize fully integrated slow (single-phase) and fast (threephase) on-board EV battery charging systems, with emphasis on topologies that entail no or minimum hardware reconfiguration. Although, permanent magnet (PM) motors with conventional double-layer distributed winding layouts have been deployed in most commercial EV motors, the non-overlapped fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) has been the prevailing choice in the most recent permanent magnet motor designs due to its outstanding operational merits. Hence, a thorough investigation of the impact different FSCW stator winding designs have on machine performance under the charging process is presented in this paper. To this end, the induced magnet losses, which represent a challenging demerit of the FSCW, have been used to compare different topologies under both propulsion and charging operation modes. Based on the introduced comparative study, the optimal slot/pole combinations that correspond to the best compromise under both operational modes have been highlighted. INDEX TERMS Integrated chargers, on-board battery chargers (OBCs), multiphase machines, fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW), battery charging, optimal slot/pole combinations, reviews. MOHAMED Y. METWLY received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 2018. He is currently a Researcher with Smart-CI, Alexandria University. His current research interests include battery chargers, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. MAHMOUD S. ABDEL-MAJEED received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 2019. He is currently a Researcher with Smart-CI, Alexandria University. His current research interests include battery chargers, automotive, smart grid, and power electronics.
Six-phase induction machines have mostly shown promise in high-power electric drive applications as well as wind energy conversion systems. Different winding configurations for six-phase stators have been published, namely, dual three-phase (D3P), symmetrical six-phase (S6P), and asymmetrical six-phase (A6P) winding layouts. Although a body of research investigating six-phase machines and their control for different six-phase winding arrangements exists, a thorough comparative study between these different arrangements in terms of machine parameters and performance, has not been done so far. This paper employs a 12-phase stator with a configurable terminal box to compare different six-phase configurations by simply reconnecting the stator terminals of the twelve phases in different manners to obtain an equivalent six-terminal stator. This way, the same stator machine dimensions and copper volume will be assumed for all connections. The comparative study focuses on the effect of winding connection on machine parameters of the different subspaces, phase current quality and machine characteristic curves. Experimental validation has been carried out using a 1kW prototype system.
Electric vehicle charging technology has recently witnessed massive developments due to its significant role in the ever-growing number of electric vehicles on the market. The integrated on-board charger technology (IOBC) represents an effective and attractive solution to reduce EV size, cost, and weight. IOBC technology employs propulsion components, such as the motor and its converter, in the charging process. The main objective of IOBC is to achieve the maximum charging current with zero average/pulsating torque so that mechanical interlocking can be dispensed. Recently, some of the IOBC topologies have adopted machines with six-phase stators to exploit the many advantages of multiphase-based systems. This paper investigates the effect of the winding design, namely, chorded or un-chorded designs, as well as the winding configuration, namely, dual three-phase, asymmetrical, or symmetrical winding configurations, on the current quality of a six-phase-based non-isolated IOBC. The relation between the winding design and the induced low order harmonics in the charging current is first clarified. The required current controller structure is then proposed, which ensures balanced grid line currents with high quality, under either healthy or one-phase fault conditions. Finally, a comparative study between all available designs with the proposed current controller is carried out to validate the theoretical findings.
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