This paper focuses on the role played by the clay minerals and microorganisms in the deterioration process of Coptic architecture units at the church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun region. For this purpose building materials (mainly mortars and plasters) from the studied church were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS); in order to identify their composition and were investigated petro-graphically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the endogenous factors. Wall gypsum mortars in the church contain halloysite as a dominant clay mineral while plaster is clay free; concerning microorganisms, the fungal flora Aspergillus glaucus represent the most dominant fungi constituting (22.22%), Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus occhraceus, and Aspergillus caudidus were also isolated.
This study aimed to determine and identify the common bacterial infection in different stages of cultured sea bass during the different season. In addition Eexperimentally infected the sea bass with the Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahemolyticus. The aquarium trial was carried out with European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in private fish farm at Borg El-Arab, Alexandria governorate Egypt. At total 50 of seabass was used during the study. The study lasted 10 weeks, starting with 50 ± 5 gram /fish. Prior to the start of the trial, the fish were fed with a commercial diet (45 percent CP, crude protein). Water quality parameters were monitored during fish acclimatization and throughout the trial. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen remained within acceptable ranges for marine production during the trial. Our study concluded that, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahemolyticus causes a great losses in cluttered sea bass Dicentrarchus Labrax reared in cages The presence of histopathological lesions in the internal organs clearly explained the septicemic nature of Vibrio infection. Altogether, the full confirmation of Vibrio infection ought to incorporate, examination of fishes for the visible clinical signs, postmortem examination, isolation of the causative agent using specific media and biochemical tests, and histopathological examination of the internal organs as a proof of septicemic nature of the Vibrio infection. The sensitivity test revealed sensitive to ciprofloxacin (Cipro 5μg), novobiocine (NV 30 μg), intermediate sensitivity was found to Oxytetracycline (OT 30 μg) while, the resistance was observed to amoxicillin (Aml 10 μg) and colisitine sulphate (CT 10 μg)
The architectural complexes in Central Asia received great attention by the sultans and princes who significantly contributed to building them, including mosques, madāris, and khanqahs. Bukhara held many of the complexes, indicating the prosperous architectural activity that reflected the architectural creations and traditions of the city. In addition, it showed the skills of architects and artists in giving cohesion to the environment in Central Asia, as well as the variety of architectural and decorative units. Therefore, the present study of the Complex of Chor Bakr aims to define the relationship between the buildings and the political, scientific, and artistic conditions and to recognize the architectural features of the buildings in Bukhara during the Shaibanid era.
Central Asia includes a lot of commercial buildings, the oldest of Khans of which date back to the early Islamic era, while the oldest in Central Asia date back to the period of Alqura Khanyeen(226 -609A.H / 840-1212A.D) In addition, a lot of the plans of the khans from the tenth to sixteenth century consisted of one floor that included an octagonal hall covered with a central dome abutted on Turkish triangles. This protrudes the importance of these khans and their plans by back tracing the architectural motifs and units included in these khans. This study conducts a comparison between these khans and the contemporary ones in Iran and Anatolia in terms of their plans, diagrams and figures reflecting the similarities and differences among the plans, the architectural motifs, and the architectural units.
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