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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating worldwide pandemic infection caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome namely coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is associated with a high spreading and mortality rate. On the date this review was written, SARS-CoV-2 infected about 96 million people and killed about 2 million people. Several arguments disclosed the high mortality of COVID-19 due to acute respiratory distress syndrome or change in the amount of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expression or cytokine storm strength production. In a similar pattern, hepatic impairment patients co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited overexpression of ACE2 receptors and cytokine storm overwhelming, which worsens the hepatic impairment and increases the mortality rate. In this review, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hepatic impairment conditions we overviewed. Besides, we focused on the recent studies that indicated cytokine storm as well as ACE2 as the main factors for high COVID-19 spreading and mortality while hinting at the potential therapeutic strategies.

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Background: The food and drug administration approved many drugs to treat diabetes mellitus, but those drugs do not have a noticeable effect on weight management. Recently, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist known as Cotadutide was estimated to serve as a potent drug in treating type 2 diabetes by reducing blood glucose levels and body weight indices. This study aimed to explore the safety and efficacy of Cotadutide as a treatment for type 2 diabetes individuals.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was done on different databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to capture all relevant articles using an established search strategy. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials that assessed the safety and efficacy of Cotadutide versus placebo or any anti-diabetes drugs in obese and overweight people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data analysis was accomplished using Revman 5.4 software.Results: We found 663 relevant articles. From which nine studies were included and subjected to qualitative analysis and eight for quantitative analysis. The pooled effect showed that Cotadutide was better than placebo in reducing body weight (Mean difference (MD) = 3.31, p > 0.00001), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ) (MD = -0.68, p > 0.00001), glucose area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC [0-4h]) (MD = 30.15, p > 0.00001), and fasting plasma glucose over time (mg/dl) (MD = 31.31, p > 0.00001).Conclusion: Cotadutide is safe and effective in reducing blood glucose levels and body weight in individuals with type 2 diabetes.Study protocol registration: The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD: CRD42021257670).

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DRP) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are diseases of the retina that are caused by complications of diabetes mellitus. Aim and objectives: the aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of combining intravitreal injections of ranibizumab with micropulse laser versus intravitreal injections of ranibizumab alone in diabetic macular edema. Subjects and methods: This prospective, randomized, comparative, interventional and hospital-based study was carried out in ophthalmology department of Al Azhar university hospitals and Kobry El Qobba Military specialized eye hospital, Cairo, Egypt. The study included 80 eyes of diabetic macular edema were divided into two groups, each of them included 40 eyes:Group 1: Patients with diabetic macular edema underwent three intravitreal injections of ranibizumab alone. Group 2: Patients with diabetic macular edema received one intravitreal injection of ranibizumab with two sessions of adjuvant micropulse diode laser.The duration of the study ranged from 6-12 months. Results: there is statistically significant increase in the best corrected visual acuity after treatment than before treatment. Further analysis demonstrated that visual acuity at 3 and 6 months of follow up were statistically significantly higher than visual acuity before treatment in diabetic patients with macular edema who received ranibizumab and laser therapy.

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