The 19th century witnessed noticeable events that shaped the geopolitical and economic spheres in both Europe and Ottoman Empire. Internationally, the industrial revolution, the economic crisis, and the Crimean War were some of those. By 1870, the OE declared its bankruptcy and this decision went viral into the international market, which in fact led to tighten the conditions by the European powers to obtain foreign capital. This study aims to provide a new insight on the external debt determinants using the economic data 1881 to 1913. Applying ARDL as an econometric approach to determine the interrelationship, the findings of the study reveal that the economic growth is negatively associated with the external debts. Also, the study found that government expenditure is having a positive relationship with the accumulation of external debts.
تهدف هذه الدراسة لتمكين ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة في المجتمع، وذلك من خلال برامج تحفيزية وأطر تنموية مدعومة من منظمات إنسانية تطوّر من مهاراتهم وتجعلهم يتطلّعون للأفضل ويعتمدون على أنفسهم ويتساوون مع أفراد المجتمع الذين يتجاهلونهم أحيانًا. وستبين الورقة أهمية هذه الفئة في المجتمع وخصوصيتها المختلفة عن الأفراد العاديين حتى صار الناس يعبّرون عنهم بمصطلح ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة. ومشكلة الدراسة تكمن في المعوّقات التي تواجههم والظلم الذي يقع عليهم بسبب إعاقاتهم والنظرة السلبية للأفراد الأسوياء والمجتمع تجاههم. وقد اعتمد الباحث في دراسته لهذا الموضوع على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي وجمع المعلومات المتعلقة بموضوع البحث وذلك لتحليلها واستخلاص النتائج التي تنطوي عليها هذه المعلومات. ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة الحلول والمقترحات الإيجابية التي تَحُدُّ من النظرة التي لا تجد فيها هذه الفئة المميزة بمواهبها المتعدّدة واحتياجاتها التي تتطلّع لها كغيرها اهتمامًا كافيًّا من المجتمع والمسؤولين. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج المهمة ومنها: إنَّ العيوب الخِلقية في جسم الإنسان من منظور الإسلام، لا تكون سببًا للتَّندُّر أو التقليل من شأن أصحابها، وأنه يجب أن يُعطى المعاق حقه كاملاً دون الانتقاص منهم، وأوصت الدراسة بـضرورة إنشاء وزارة مستقلة متكاملة الهيئات والإدارات تعني بشؤون ذوي الحاجات الخاصة وتركِّز على حل مشاكلهم وإعادة تأهيلهم في المجتمع. الكلمات المفتاحية: معوّقات، تمكين، المجتمع، ذوو الاحتياجات، برامج، أطر، حلول، برامج، منظور شرعي. Abstract This study aims at empowering people with special needs in society, through incentive programs and development frameworks, supported by humanitarian organizations. These organizations will develop their skills and make them look forward to the best and rely on themselves are on par with the other community members who sometimes ignore them. The research will show the importance of this group in society and their different characters from normal individuals until people have started to call them with the term people with special needs. The problem of the study will clarify the injustice that befalls on them and the negative view of normal individuals towards them because of their disabilities. To deal with these cases, the study will be conducted through the descriptive and analytical approaches in order to reach the results that the idea of the paper aspires to achieve. Among the most important results that the study will reach are the positive solutions and proposals that change the perception towards this group that will be distinguished with their multiple talents and needs. And they look like others and the disabilities do not find sufficient attention from society and officials. To arrange the paper, the paper will be divided into axes and sections through which the researcher deals with the concept of people with special needs and finding positive solutions to their family, educational, health, social, and professional problems that did not enable them to practice their normal lives until they enjoy their rights in society.
This study aims are the constitutional and legal guarantees for the accused that must be provided at the trial stage. These are among the topics that have received attention by the legislator and the jurist throughout the previous centuries. This is as the accused rights are a branch of human rights that were sanctioned by the heavenly laws throughout ancient times, until they were established after a long struggle in what is known as human rights declarations, and in international charters, and contemporary constitutions. The most importantly the accused rights, which to provide him with basic guarantees when exposed to an accusative situation, by the competent authorities. These rights provide the person with a great deal of reassurance and give him a guarantee against all arbitrary acts, such as arrest, imprisonment, search, coercion or punishment. In addition, the accused rights are numerous, including those related to the preliminary investigation stage before the investigative judge, including those related to the trial stage, and the guarantees that the accused should get. Through doctrinal research method this study found that what happened in judiciary today in most the countries of the world, regarding the issuance of the Code of Criminal Procedure and its amendments, and whether it is important to guarantee the accused rights in a fair trial. Guarantees for the accused in the face of the procedures taken by the competent authorities that violate the sanctity of private life, which is among individual liberties, and the partial law in turn protects social rights and puts society in the face of the state and stipulates the relationship between them, as legal scholars believe that objective laws are punitive. It puts in the hands of the state a dangerous weapon that may threaten individual liberties if it is not subjected to penal procedures that ensure that it is not abused for revenge and defamation, and by taking all specific and proactive procedures to ensure the constitutionality of the judiciary and in order to achieve the legality of the courts and prosecutions according to the constitution and the law, so that the judiciary guarantees independence and impartiality, in order to resolve disputes within the courts and to ensure a fair trial for the accused person. ملخص البحث تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى موضوع ضمانات الدستورية والقانونية للمتهم الواجب توفراها في مرحلة المحاكمة وضمانات المتهم لمن الموضوعات التي نالت الاهتمام الزائد وشغلت بال المشرع والفقيه طيلة القرون السابقة، حيث إن حقوق المتهم هي فرع من أصل كبير ومهم هو حقوق الإنسان، باعتباره كائنا مكرما من قبل الخالق سبحانه عز وجل، تلك الحقوق التي أقرتها الشرائع السماوية عبر الأزمنة الغابرة، إلى أن استقرت بعد كفاح طويل في ما يعرف بإعلانات حقوق الإنسان، وفي المواثيق الدولية، والدساتير المعاصرة، وبالتالي، فإن تلك الحقوق التي قررت أن المتهم بريء حتى تثبت إدانته، ومن الحقوق الأخرى كان أهمها حقوق المتهم، والتي جاءت لتوفير الضمانات الأساسية له عند تعرضه لموقف اتهامي، من قبل السلطات المختصة، هذه الحقوق التي توفر للإنسان قدرا كبيرا من الشعور بالاطمئنان وتعطيه ضمانا ضد كل الأعمال التعسفية، كالقبض عليه أو حبسه أو تفتيشه أو إكراهه أو إنزال العقوبة به بدون وجه حق، كما أن حقوق المتهم عديدة منها ما يتعلق بمرحلة التحقيق الابتدائي قبل المثول أمام قاضي التحقيق ، ومنها ما يتعلق بمرحلة المحاكمة، وما يتمتع به المتهم من ضمانات أمام القضاء في ظل القوانين المعمول بها حاليا في دول العالم، بشأن إصدار قانون الإجراءات الجنائي وتعديلاته، وما له من أهمية في ضمان حقوق المتهم في المحاكمة العادلة، فالقانون الجنائي يحمي حقوقا يقررها الدستور والدستور يرفع بعض القواعد الى مصاف المبادئ الدستورية، كما أن الدستور يكفل ضمانات للمتهم في مواجهة ما تباشره السلطات المختصة من إجراءات ماسة بحرمة الحياة الخاصة التي هي من ضمن الحريات الفردية، والقانون الجزئي بدوره يحمي حقوقا اجتماعية ذات أهمية كبيرة ويضع المجتمع في مواجهة الدولة و ينص على العلاقة بينهما، يرى من فقهاء القانون أن القوانين الموضوعية العقابية تضع في يد الدولة سلاحا خطيرا قد يهدد الحريات الفردية إذا لم تحط به إجراءات جزائية تضمن ألا يساء استعماله للانتقام والتشهير، ومن خلال اتخاذ جميع التدابير المحددة والاستباقية كافةً ضمانًا لدستورية القضاء، ومن أجل تحقيق قانونية المحاكم والنيابات وفقاً للدستور والقانون، حتي يضمن القضاء استقلاليته وحيادته، في فض المنازعات داخل المحاكم وضمان المحاكمة العادلة للمتهمين.
This research aims to shed light on the negative repercussions resulting from the Corona 19 pandemic, and its impact on the Islamic economy and the global living reality that has been affected by the terrible spread of this epidemic in the world, and the panic and fear it has caused to all people through the news seen and read in media channels and websites Social contact causing irreversible psychological damage. The study problem will address unemployment as an aggravating negative phenomenon facing the world. Many lost their jobs, and governments and private institutions were unable to compensate them. In order to get out of the crisis, the study indicated that people do the humanitarian work that must be done legally, which is standing next to other needy people with cooperation and cooperation, whether at the level of individuals or institutions. For the clarity of the method, this research will be conducted through the descriptive and analytical method, which will show whether the Corona epidemic is a disease caused by a viral infection or an economic game among adults. Finally, the most important results are sought from the reasons for choosing the topic. To arrange the paper, the researcher will deal with it through two axes: The first axis: deals with the negative repercussions of Corona and its impact on the Islamic economy and financial markets. The second axis: It deals with the psychological aspects of Corona and its role in society and the complexity of their living conditions, studying the purposes of the Sharia.
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