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The common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is best-known as biocontrol agent. The suitability diet was important in mass-rearing and releasing field. C.carnea has a serious role at IPM cultures apposite of aphid and whitefly pest. For this purpose, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype-B 3 rd nymphs stage and Semi artificial diet as prey for Life table parameters was evaluated. All experiments were conducted at 25 ± 5 0 C, 60± 5% RH and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D).This study, the collected data was analyzed by using Jack Knife model and SAS (9.1) soft ware and experimental design was formatted Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and comparison among means followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test. The highest Lx (number of individuals alive between age x and x+1) and the lowest d x (numbers dying during the age interval x) were 0.99 and 0.005 (%) that belonged semi artificial diet. Reproductive and stable population parameters such as Net Fertility rate, Net reproductive rate (R 0 ), Gross reproductive rate (GRR), Intrinsic of increase (r m ), Mean generation time (T c ) and Doubling time (DT) in aphid, whitefly and semi artificial diets were 244.9±4.

Pesticide detection is a main concern of food safety experts. Therefore, it is urgent to design an accurate, rapid, and cheap test. Biosensors that detect pesticide residues could replace current methods, such as HPLC or GC-MC. This research designs a biosensor based on aptamer (Oligonucleotide ss-DNA) in the receptor role, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as optical sensors and salt (NaCl) as the aggregative inducer of AgNPs to detect the presence of Acetamiprid. After optimization, .6 μM aptamer and 100 mM salt were employed. The selectivity and sensitivity of the complex were examined by different pesticides and different Acetamiprid concentrations. To simulate in vitro experimental conditions, bioinformatics software was used as in silico analysis. The results showed the detection of Acetamiprid at the .02 ppm (89.8 nM) level in addition to selectivity. Docking outputs introduced two loops as active sites in aptamer and confirmed aptamer-Acetamiprid bonding. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) confirmed upon Acetamiprid binding, aptamer was folded due to stem-loop formation. Stability of the Apt-Acetamiprid complex in a simulated aqueous media was examined by molecular dynamic studies.

In order that removal of excess fluoride from water a novel magnetic nanocomposite has been synthesized. Magnetic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method. Afterwards, polyaniline containing magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by in-situ doping polymerization in the presence of HCl. The polyaniline/Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanocomposite has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was also used for magnetization characterization of polyaniline/Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite at room temperature. The conductivity and magnetic properties of the polyaniline containing Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles showed that the samples have a novel conductivity and a superparamagnetic behavior. Subsequently, the ability of the adsorbent to remove fluoride from water was demonstrated in a batch sorption mode. Results reveal that the adsorption is rapid and the adsorbent has high affinity for fluoride, which depends on solution pH and adsorbent dose.

Aptamers (ss-DNA or ss-RNA), also known as artificial antibodies, have been selected in vitro median to bind target molecules with high affinity and selectivity. Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides in developing and underdeveloped countries as insecticide and acaricide. Diazinon is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal system and rapidly distributed throughout the body. Thus, the design of clinical and laboratory diagnostics using nanobiosensors is necessary. A computational approach allows us to screen or rank receptor structure and predict interaction outcomes with a deeper understanding, and it is much more cost effective than laboratory attempts. In this research, the best sequence (high affinity bind Diazinon-ssDNA) was ranked among 12 aptamers isolated from SELEX experimentation. Docking results, as the first virtual screening stage and static technique, selected frequent conformation of each aptamer. Then, the quantity and quality of aptamer-Diazinon interaction were simulated using molecular dynamics as a mobility technique. RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, and the number of hydrogen bonds formed between Diazinon-aptamer were monitored to assess the quantity and quality of interactions. G-quadruplex DNA aptamer (DF20) showed to be a reliable candidate for Diazinon biosensing. The apta-nanosensor designed using simulation results allowed with linearity detection in the range of .141-.65 nM and a LOD of 17.903 nM, and it was validated using a computational molecular approach.

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Nematophagous fungi include a group of fungal antagonists to nematodes. The nematophagous fungi have been suggested as promising candidates for biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Impacts of different pH levels, temperature, light intensity, carbon and nitrogen source were tested on the growth of five nematophagus fungi under in vitro conditions. Three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum T7, T8, and T14, one isolate of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia and one isolate of Arthrobotrys oligospora were tested. The results of experiment indicated that the growth of isolates of Trichoderma harzianum was maximum in pH range of 7.00-8.00. The best growth of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys oligospora was in 4.00-7.00. Effect of temperature differs between range of 15-30°C, for isolates of Trichoderma harzianum was 20-25°C, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia was 15-20°C, and Arthrobotrys oligospora was 20-25°C. Maximum growth of two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum T7, T8 and Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia was in darkness. Best growth of one isolates of T. harzianum (T7) was in light and maximum growth of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Trichoderma harzianum T14 occurred in 12 h light and 12h dark. The best source of nitrogen for Trichoderma harzianum (T8,T14) was Nitrate potassium, while Nitrate ammonium was the best nitrogen source for (T7).The maximum growth of A. oligospora and P. chlamydosporia occuerd in Nitrate sodium. Between carbon sources Arabinose are suitable for A.oligospora and Trichoderma harzianum (T7).The maximum growth of P. chlamydosporia and T. harzianim (T14) occuerd in the use of fructose. Best growth of T. harzianum (T8) was in Mnitole.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and sesame (Sesamum indicum) are two major crops in Islamic Republic of IRAN. In the northeast of IRAN, most farmers' landholdings are less than 5 hectares; therefore cotton production cost is high. Agricultural experts suggest that one method for improving productivity is intercropping system. This research was done to study advantages or disadvantages of intercropping of cotton and sesame through investigation of Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and competition indices. The experiment was conducted during 2015 growing seasons in Cotton Research Institute (C.R.I.). It was included a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Treatments were intercropping patterns of cotton (c) and sesame (s) (1c:1c, 1c:2s, 2c:1s, 3c:1s, 1c:3s, sole cotton, sole sesame). Substitution method of intercropping was done. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), Relative Crowding Coefficient (k), Aggressivity (A), Competitive Ratio (CR), Actual Yield Loss (AYL), and Relative Value Total (RVT) were evaluated. Results revealed that, Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), Relative Crowding coefficient (K), Aggressivity (A), Competitive Ratio (CR) values of cotton generally were more than sesame. Planting cotton in intercropping with sesame had a higher monetary profitability too. In this study the best intercropping pattern for acquiring a highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and monetary profitable was (3:1).