The article describes the development of a robust pharmacophore model and the investigation of structure activity relationship analysis of 48 aminophenyl benzamide derivatives reported for Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition using PHASE module of Schrodinger software. A five point pharmacophore model consisting of two aromatic rings (R), two hydrogen bond donors (D) and one hydrogen bond acceptor (A) with discrete geometries as pharmacophoric features was developed and the generated pharmacophore model was used to derive a predictive atom-based 3D QSAR model for the studied dataset. The obtained 3D QSAR model has an excellent correlation coefficient value (r(2)=0.99) along with good statistical significance as shown by high Fisher ratio (F=631.80). The model also exhibits good predictive power confirmed by the high value of cross validated correlation coefficient (q(2) = 0.85). The QSAR model suggests that hydrophobic character is crucial for the HDAC inhibitory activity exhibited by these compounds and inclusion of hydrophobic substituents will enhance the HDAC inhibition. In addition to the hydrophobic character, hydrogen bond donating groups positively contributes to the HDAC inhibition whereas electron withdrawing groups has a negative influence in HDAC inhibitory potency. The findings of the QSAR study provide a set of guidelines for designing compounds with better HDAC inhibitory potency.
Vessel grounded on coral reef ecosystem still one of the most significant damage by the incident to corals ecosystem services. Many cases had been handled, but not all of them are completely solved. The settled cases showed the willingness of the vessel owners to paid the claimed environmental loss. This research paper is aimed to compare cases of a vessel grounded during the year 2017 and 2018. This paper concluded the summary of all the works of experts hired by the Directorate General of Law Enforcement on corals ecosystem; ecosystem services valuation, and national regulation. The final calculation shows a varied amount of value claimed, due to the quality of corals before damages, its location and its technical approaches. The calculation of the claimed cost was based on the principles of ecosystem services valuation approaches which includes provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. From all cases, the value of coral ecosystem per squares meter per year of corals damage ranges from IDR 0.12 to 0.83 million. This value was related significantly with the year damaged coral, the quality of the coral ecosystem before damaged, and the distance from the nearest coastline.
The objective goal of this research is to measure the institutional economic value of marine protected area management of Depapre Bay in Jayapura Regency. This institutional economic value can be measured by transaction cost analysis and ecosystem services valuation within techniques of project based cost approach (PBCA), benefit transfer (BTM) and basic payment ecosystem serives (BPES). The result shows that the transaction cost of marine protected area management amounted IDR 6.04-12.07 billion per year, meanwhile the potential benefit of ecosystem services of marine protected area management of Depapre Bay amounted IDR 1.62 trillion per year and the basic payment ecosystem services as an entrance fee to the marine conservation area amounted IDR 51,587.52 per people per trip. Key words: transaction cost, institutional economic, ecosystem services, entrance fee, PES
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