Background: Type III Acromioclavicular joint injuries poses a management quandary to the orthopaedic surgeons owing to lack of consensus regarding its management. A multitude of fixation techniques have been devised, used and rejected as per clinical and experimental studies. In this study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of closed loop double endobutton technique in the management of acute Rockwood Type III AC joint injuries. Materials and Methods : A total of 17 patients were included in our study operated using double endobutton and polyester no. 5 suture. Subjective shoulder value and Constant-Murley score was used to evaluate the functional outcome. Follow up was done till a minimum of 1 year. Results: The Constant -Murley score at final follow up was 95.4 and the subjective shoulder value was 93.2 %. No major complications were seen in our study. Conclusion:The results of our study suggest that the closed loop double endobutton technique is an excellent surgical modality in the setting of acute type III AC joint dislocation and is associated with minimal complications.
Plastic debris is an emerging environmental threat all over the world. But its effect and distribution in the marine ecosystem is barely known. Microplastics abundance in the marine vegetated area is about 2 to 3 times higher than the bare site in the ocean. Although seagrass meadows trap huge amount of microplastics over the ocean floor, a considerable amount of microplastics are also sink incorporating with the marine aggregates from the epipelagic zone of the ocean. Scavenging of microplastics by diatom aggregation decreases the sinking rate of them rather than cryptophyte. As we know, marine snow is the leading carbon source for zoobenthos, but the ubiquitous presence of microplastics damages cell of different microalgae which may alter the food webs of marine ecosystems. Additionally, microplastics releases immense amount of dissolved organic carbons (DOC) in the surrounding seawater that stimulates the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms as well as their functional activity. Plastic debris result in outbreaks of disease in the marine environment and coral reefs are highly affected by it. When coral reef comes in contact with microplastics, the disease infestation rate of the reef increases massively. Three major disease viz., skeletal eroding band, white syndrome and black band of coral reef causes approximately 46% of reef mortality due to microplastics consumption. Due to complex structure and size, the corals accumulates huge amount of microplastics that increases growth of pathogens by hampering the coral immune system. Existing scientific evidence presents that exposure of microplastics in aquatic environments triggers a wide variety of toxic insult from feeding disruption to reproductive performance, disturbances in energy metabolism throughout the ocean. The present review focused on the ecotoxicological effect of microplastics on primary producers of ocean, its uptake, accumulation, and excretion, and its probable toxicity with risk assessment approaches.
Background: Shoulder injuries tend to present mainly as pain and often leads to considerable disability. It is essential that a diagnosis of the shoulder pathology is made and treatment started immediately to attain prompt recovery and avoid chronicity and complications. The current gold standard diagnostic investigation is arthroscopy. MRI is a proven sensitive and accurate non-invasive tool for detecting internal derangement and assessing overall joint structures, but many studies have reported false positive and negative results. The aim of the study is to compare the accuracy of the two Diagnostic Modalities, Arthroscopy and MRI, in bony and ligamentous structure injury of the shoulder joint. Methods: Twenty one cases of the age group 18-60 years presenting with shoulder pain following injury were included in our study, where MRI was performed followed by Arthroscopy. The data were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value and the correlation between MRI and Arthroscopy is done with the help of these statistics. Results: In the study highest sensitivity was found in full-thickness Supraspinatus tear, Bankart's lesion and Hill-Sachs lesion. The highest specificity and highest positive predictive value was found in Impingement syndrome, full thickness supraspinatus tear, Hill-Sachs lesion and Adhesive capsulitis. The highest negative predictive value was found in full-thickness supraspinatus tear, Bankart's lesion and Hill-Sachs lesion. Conclusion: MRI is an accurate, practical, efficient, non-invasive diagnostic modality in shoulder injuries, specially in conditions like full-thickness supraspinatus tear, impingement syndrome, Hill-Sachs lesion and Bankart's lesion.
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