The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of phase formation to the mechanical strength of Ti-Nb alloy produced by powder metallurgy (PM) process. Niobium (Nb) powder was added to the elemental titanium (Ti) powder by wt%, cold-compacted and sintered at 1200°C. The samples were characterized in term of shape and sizes of the particle, phases present, microstructures and compressive strength. XRD pattern showed that increasing Nb content resulted in increased beta-phases which also evidenced by a greater fraction of light gray-scale image in back-scattered SEM analysis. The alpha phase region almost eliminated in the 35 wt% Nb. The lowest compressive strength was observed in 45 wt% Nb is due to partly crystallized region in the microstructure observed. The alloy containing 35 wt% Nb exhibited better beta-phase structures in the matrix. The Young’s modulus of 13.46±2.44 GPa were obtained from 45 wt% Nb addition in the Ti alloy. All sintered samples are potential candidates for implant applications.
Ultrasonic testing or commonly known as UT is one of the non-destructive testing technique and widely used in oil and gas industrial inspection. This technique mostly used in defect or crack identification of the pipeline and also used for flaw detection/evaluation, dimensional measurements, and material characterization. This paper presents the effect of heat treatment for S55C carbon steel in attenuation measurement by using ultrasonic testing including annealing, tempering, and quenching process. Seawater and oil are used as a medium of quenching process. The fixed excitation frequency at 4 MHz is used and 0 degrees with double crystal is implemented in this measurement. The thicknesses of blocks used are as the sample from 30mm until 80mm. The result shows that the measurement of material attenuation will be decreased after annealing, tempering and quenching process from 40% until 99% compared to before the heat treatment process. The highest attenuation decreasing can be seen on the sample block with the 30mm thickness in the heat treatment process.
Titanium (Ti)-based alloys are prominently used in biomedical application. This review paper emphasizes on some of the important aspects of the Ti-alloys in terms of metallurgical aspects, manufacturing routes and biocompatibility. Two kinds of structure are reviewed namely dense and porous, both differs in terms of purpose and satisfies different needs. This advancement of materials and equipment helps to improve the quality of life for patients and alleviate their health problems. Metallic materials, mainly Ti-based alloys have been used commercially as bone implant owing to its promising mechanical properties, biocompatibility and bioactivity. The outmost important issue in manufacturing of this alloy is the impurity contents, specifically oxygen and carbon which contribute to decreasing in material performance of the alloy attributed from the formation of unwanted oxide compounds such as TiO2 and TiC. Another issue is the mismatch value of the Young’s modulus between the metallic implant and bone that result in stress shielding effect. The structure of Ti-based alloy is mainly comprised of α-phase, β-phase or a combination of both that result in variation of Young’s modulus ranging from 45 -110 GPa. Compared to α-phase Ti alloy, the β-phase rich alloys may exhibit lower value of Young modulus through the right processing technique. Therefore, the development of β-phase Ti-alloys has been researched progressively in line with the need of low Young’s modulus that suit for implant applications.
Copper and the copper alloys are some of the most versatile materials available and used for applications in every type of industry with world consumption of exceeding 14 million tonnes per annum. In eddy current testing inspection (ECT), several forms of device calibration must be done before the assessment can be performed. The electronics equipment must be calibrated to ensure the accuracy of measurement. This paper is focused on investigate the optimum frequency and gain for copper material block. The material used to produce the sample test in this project was copper. They are many methods that involved in this project such as producing sample test and artificial defect, conductivity measure and perform calibration for copper material block. Two thickness of copper block were selected 8mm and 16 mm. Artificial defect with depth of defect 0.5 mm, 1mm and 2.0 mm are fabricate on the sample. Different frequency and gain of eddy current testing was used in order to identify the best setting for both parameters in ECT for copper material defect inspection. Experimental result showed that the thickness is directly proportional with the applied gain. From here the negative scanning will giving the good result of different slot of defect comparing the negative scanning. Besides the percentage of increment of signal amplitude being identify with increment 40% signal between 0.5mm and 1.0mm slot of defect. Lastly the depth of the slot is inversely proportional with applied gain.
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