Candida albicans is the fungus responsible for oral candidiasis, a prevalent disease. The development of antifungal-based delivery systems has always been a major challenge for researchers. This study was designed to develop a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) of sesame oil (SO) loaded with miconazole (MZ) that could overcome the solubility problems of MZ and enhance its antifungal activity against oral candidiasis. In the formulation of this study, SO was used as a component of a liquid lipid that showed an improved antifungal effect of MZ. An optimized MZ-loaded NLC of SO (MZ-SO NLC) was used, based on a central composite design-based experimental design; the particle size, dissolution efficiency, and inhibition zone against oral candidiasis were chosen as dependent variables. A software analysis provided an optimized MZ-SO NLC with a particle size of 92 nm, dissolution efficiency of 88%, and inhibition zone of 29 mm. Concurrently, the ex vivo permeation rate of the sheep buccal mucosa was shown to be significantly ( p < .05) higher for MZ-SO NLC (1472 µg/cm 2 ) as compared with a marketed MZ formulation (1215 µg/cm 2 ) and an aqueous MZ suspension (470 µg/cm 2 ). Additionally, an in vivo efficacy study in terms of the ulcer index against C. albicans found a superior result for the optimized MZ-SO NLC (0.5 ± 0.50) in a treated group of animals. Hence, it can be concluded that MZ, through an optimized NLC of SO, can treat candidiasis effectively by inhibiting the growth of C. albicans .
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repressing leftover heat-pressed lithium disilicate material on its mechanical and optical properties. A lithium disilicate ingot (IPS e.max® Press, IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) shade (A1) low translucency was first heat-pressed to yield ceramic bars and disks. Then, the second and third presses were fabricated from the leftovers of the previous pressing cycles. A total of 36 bars and 15 disk specimens were fabricated and divided into three groups according to the number of pressing cycles (n = 12 bars and n = 5 disks): P1: first press (control), P2: second press, and P3: third press. The specimens were tested for flexural strength, color change, Vickers hardness, and surface topography under scanning electron microscopy. One-way ANOVA testing was used to evaluate flexural strength and hardness, while an independent t-test was performed to evaluate color change. There was no significant difference in flexural strength as the number of heat-pressed cycles increased (p = 0.283). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the microhardness values between all groups (p = 0.220). The overall color change ∆E between P1–P2 and P1–P3 were 2.01 and 2.14, respectively. The SEM images showed evenly distributed and densely packed lithium disilicate crystals in the P1 group. However, larger and less densely packed crystals were noticeable in P2 and P3. The IPS e.max Press could be repressed up to two times without an adverse effect on mechanical properties or color stability. These results may support the reuse of pressed lithium disilicate for economical purposes, but further clinical evaluation should be conducted to confirm these findings.
Background: We aim to evaluate the effect of surface conditioning, bonding agents and composite types on surface roughness (SR) and shear bond strength (SBS) of clear aligner composite attachments bonded to ceramics. Methods: One hundred and eighty IPS e.max CAD specimens were prepared. For SR, 60 specimens were divided according to surface conditioning (n = 15) into four groups: control, 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (HFA), 37% phosphoric acid (PhA), air abrasion (AA). SR was measured using a Profilometer and Atomic Force Microscopy. For SBS, 120 specimens were divided according to conditioning methods (n = 40) (9.6% HFA and 37% PhA or AA), then according to bonding agents (n = 20) (Assure universal bond (AUB) or Single bond universal (SBU)) and then according to composite type (n = 10): Filtek™ Z350 and Filtek™ Z350 XT flowable composite. SBS was measured using Instron testing machine. Descriptive and group comparison were calculated (p < 0.05). Results: AA had the highest SR, while the control had the lowest SR (p < 0.05). HFA had the highest, but insignificant SBS, followed by AA (p > 0.05). AUB had higher SBS than SBU (p < 0.001). Filtek™ Z350 produced higher SBS than Filtek™ Z350 XT flowable composite (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The combination of AA, AUB, and Filtek Z350 produced the highest SBS, followed by HFA, AUB, and Filtek Z350.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cleaning methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement to contaminated zirconia specimens. Eighty rectangular-shaped specimens (2 × 5 × 10 mm) were fabricated from Zirconia blocks (IPS e.max ZirCAD) and randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 10). Group A (control) was not exposed to contaminants. The following tests specimens were contaminated with saliva and silicone indicating paste. Group B was coated with ceramic primer, then subjected to contamination. Groups C, D, E, F, G, and H were contaminated; cleaned with water rinse, Ivoclean, air particle abrasion, hydrofluoric acid, KATANATM Cleaner and ZirCleanTM, respectively, and then coated with ceramic primer and bonded to dual cure resin cement cylinders. All the specimens were subjected to artificial aging and surviving specimens were subjected to the SBS test. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and multiple comparison methods at the 0.05 significance level were used. There was no statistically significant difference among Ivoclean (21.48 ± 2.90 MPa), air particle abrasion (21.92 ± 2.85 MPa), and the control group (24.68 ± 5.46). The application of ceramic primer before contamination did not preserve the SBS of resin cement to zirconia. Cleaning the contaminated zirconia surface with hydrofluoric acid (15.03 ± 3.63) or KATANATM Cleaner (17.27 ± 7.63) did not restore SBS to the uncontaminated state, but it was significantly higher than simply rinsing with water (12.46 ± 5.17) or the use of ZirCleanTM (11.59 ± 5.53). The bond strength of resin cement to zirconia was influenced by cleaning methods.
The emergence of digital dentistry has led to the introduction of various three-dimensional (3D) printing materials in the market, specifically for provisional fixed restoration. This study aimed to undertake a systematic review of the published literature on the Mechanical Properties of 3D- Printed Provisional Resin Materials for crown and fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). The electronic database on PubMed/Medline was searched for relevant studies. The search retrieved articles that were published from January 2011 to March 2023. The established focus question was: “Do provisional 3D-printed materials have better mechanical properties than conventional or milled provisional materials?”. The systematically extracted data included the researcher’s name(s), publication year, evaluation method, number of samples, types of materials, and study outcome. A total of 19 studies were included in this systematic review. These studies examined different aspects of the mechanical properties of 3D-printed provisional materials. Flexural Strength and Microhardness were the frequently used mechanical testing. Furthermore, 3D-printed provisional restorations showed higher hardness, smoother surfaces, less wear volume loss, and higher wear resistance compared to either milled or conventional, or both. 3D-printed provisional resin materials appear to be a promising option for fabricating provisional crowns and FDPs.
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