Summary
Sensor node energy conservation is the primary design parameters in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Energy efficiency in sensor networks directly prolongs the network lifetime. In the process of route discovery, each node cooperates to forward the data to the base station using multi‐hop routing. But, the nodes nearer to the base station are loaded more than the other nodes that lead to network portioning, packet loss and delay as a result nodes may completely loss its energy during the routing process. To rectify these issues, path establishment considers optimized substance particle selection, load distribution, and an efficient slot allocation scheme for data transmission between the sensor nodes in this paper. The selection of forwarders and conscious multi‐hop path is selected based on the route cost value that is derived directly by taking energy, node degree and distance as crucial metrics. Load distribution based slot allocation method ensures the balance of data traffic and residual energy of the node in areal‐time environment. The proposed LSAPSP simulation results show that our algorithm not only can balance the real‐time environment load and increase the network lifetime but also meet the needs of packet loss and delay.
<p>Antenna design has significantly advanced as a result of the widespread need for wireless communications and data substitution through wireless devices. The research article's goal is to provide a conceptual framework, difficulties, and opportunities for a source as well as a general overview of the antenna used in wireless communications applications. In this proposed research, we will go over a variety of topics related to mobile communication and fifth generation (5G) technologies, including its pros and benefits. A thorough comparison between the expected properties of the antennas and each generation, from 1<sup>st</sup> generation (1G) to 5G, is also included. This article also provides an overview of the investigated 5G technologies and various antenna designs.</p>
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