Objective The study was undertaken to identify the common type of lesions, and the age, sex distribution, symptomatology, sites of involvement and prognosis of the same.Study design A two-year prospective study was conducted from January 2005 to December 2006.Setting The study was conducted at SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India-a tertiary referral hospital.Patients A total of 50 patients with benign laryngeal lesions were included in the study based on symptoms such as hoarseness of voice, foreign body sensation, throat pain, neck mass and cough and with positive clinical fi ndings on indirect laryngoscopy and neck examination. The patients were in the age group of 14-63 years. All nonoperative cases and malignant cases were excluded. Diagnostic hematological and radiological investigations and therapeutic microlarygoscopic procedures were employed.Results A male preponderance with a male:female ratio of 2.5:1 was observed. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 21-30 years. Vocal cord polyps were observed to be the commonest type of lesions. In our study, hoarseness of voice, cough, foreign body sensation and throat pain were found to be the commonest symptoms. Out of the 50 patients in the study group, only 6% patients got complete relief with voice rest and vocal rehabilitation; 94% patients required surgery, which included microlarygoscopy and endolaryngeal surgery. There was no recurrence in cases of vocal polyps and nodules during the period of observation.Conclusion Microlaryngeal surgery and voice rest offer a cost-effective, useful and safe method for the management of benign laryngeal lesions. With the inclusion of lasers, they can be more precisely operated. As such, the standard treatment of choice in all types of benign tumors of the larynx should consist of a triad of approach by microlaryngeal surgery (either microscopic or endoscopic, with or without use of lasers), voice rest and vocal rehabilitation.

Soft tissue sarcomas of head and neck region, account for 4-15% of all soft tissue sarcomas and less than 1% of all neoplasms in this region. Leiomyosarcoma is malignant tumor of smooth muscle which accounts for only 4% of head and neck sarcomas. The tumor is commonly encountered as a slow growing, discrete firm, and non-ulcerated painless mass. The physical appearance of these tumors can be deceptively benign and can be mistaken for non-malignant conditions. An early diagnosis and aggressive initial treatment remains the mainstay of therapy for a good prognosis. We are presenting eight cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of head and neck region with review of literature and highlight the need for early prudent diagnosis and treatment.

OBJECTIVEEndoscope-assisted hemispherotomy (EH) has emerged as a good alternative option for hemispheric pathologies with drug-resistant epilepsy.METHODSThis was a prospective observational study. Parameters measured included primary outcome measures (frequency, severity of seizures) and secondary outcomes (cognition, behavior, and quality of life). Blood loss, operating time, complications, and hospital stay were also taken into account. A comparison was made between the open hemispherotomy (OH) and endoscopic techniques performed by the senior author.RESULTSOf 59 cases (42 males), 27 underwent OH (8 periinsular, the rest vertical) and 32 received EH. The mean age was 8.65 ± 5.41 years (EH: 8.6 ± 5.3 years; OH: 8.6 ± 5.7 years). Seizure frequency per day was 7 ± 5.9 (EH: 7.3 ± 4.6; OH: 15.0 ± 6.2). Duration of disease (years since first episode) was 3.92 ± 1.24 years (EH: 5.2 ± 4.3; OH: 5.8 ± 4.5 years). Number of antiepileptic drugs per patient was 3.9 ± 1.2 (EH: 4.2 ± 1.2; OH: 3.8 ± 0.98). Values for the foregoing variables are expressed as the mean ± SD. Pathologies included the following: postinfarct encephalomalacia in 19 (EH: 11); Rasmussen’s syndrome in 14 (EH: 7); hemimegalencephaly in 12 (EH: 7); hemispheric cortical dysplasia in 7 (EH: 4); postencephalitis sequelae in 6 (EH: 2); and Sturge-Weber syndrome in 1 (EH: 1). The mean follow-up was 40.16 ± 17.3 months. Thirty-nine of 49 (79.6%) had favorable outcomes (International League Against Epilepsy class I and II): in EH the total was 19/23 (82.6%) and in OH it was 20/26 (76.9%). There was no difference in the primary outcome between EH and OH (p = 0.15). Significant improvement was seen in the behavioral/quality of life performance, but not in IQ scores in both EH and OH (p < 0.01, no intergroup difference). Blood loss (p = 0.02) and hospital stay (p = 0.049) were less in EH.CONCLUSIONSEH was as effective as the open procedure in terms of primary and secondary outcomes. It also resulted in less blood loss and a shorter postoperative hospital stay.

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Background: Obesity has major adverse effects on health. Obesity is associated with an increase in mortality, with a 50-100% increased risk of death from all causes compared to normal-weight individuals, mostly due to cardiovascular causes. The aim of this study was to correlate Body Mass Index (BMI) and glycaemic control (HbA1c) in type 2 Diabetic patients.Methods: In this study 100 patients of type 2 diabetic were subjected to detailed history, clinical examination, BMI, HbA1c and routine biochemical investigations.Results: Out of 100 diabetic patients included in this study 62 of them were male and 38 were female. Among 100 patients. Majority of patients were overweight (BMI 25-29.9) which is account to about 58 of total cases, 30 patients were normal BMI and 12 patients were obese. Statistical analysis a positive correlation found between BMI and poor glycaemic control (HbA1c), which is significant.Conclusions: From this study it was concluded that obesity (BMI) is associated with poor glycaemic control.