Balancing life and work is the most important challenge of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs seek a logical balance between their job and life and this issue is of great importance to Iranian entrepreneur women. Inability to handle the contrast between work and family is the main source of job stress and ends in job and personal dissatisfaction. To overcome these problems we have to look for solutions that not only meet the organization needs but also imposes less stress on entrepreneurs and thus results in improving their productivity. In this article we have studied female entrepreneurs situation and their share in labor market, as well as flexible methods of doing jobs especially job sharing method. We have done structured interviews with entrepreneurs of Azad University and their attitude to possibility of job sharing and its effect on female entrepreneurs at university has been expressed. After performing the qualitative methods, questionnaires were made and the attitude of female entrepreneurs towards job sharing was examined. The results of quantitative research show that they have a positive attitude towards job sharing but we have to notice that job sharing doesn’t lead in weakening the bargaining ability of female entrepreneurs.
Purpose: Women in the various governmental and private organizations are significantly enhanced in recent years and have got the specific role in the knowledge based economy as productive human resource. The attendance of women in society is dominantly effective when the vital circumstances are provided for their presence. One of the obstructions in women's path is the organizational bullying which expose stress to women and disturb their mental and physical tranquility. The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship of organizational bullying and stress.Methodology: sample comprises the women clerks in Tehran University and 285 individuals are considered as sample. For data gathering, we chose questionnaire by 5 choices Likert scale with 25 questions for organizational bullying and 25 ones for stress. Also, we analyzed the data by the method of factor analysis and spearman correlation. Findings:The findings depicted the dominance of recognizing the stressful factors in workplace and proposing some tricks to deteriorate them. Conclusion:The results illustrate that relationship between the bullying and stress in significant. It sounds that some factors such as unawareness of women of their rights, unawareness of an accurate definitions of bullying, unfamiliarity with its elements and neglecting them in the workplaces and finally, approval of masculinity have entails in emergence of the passive position from women in this regard.
Arbaeen event is the most significant religious tourism event for Shiites. Using the social interpretation approach, this study explores the context for Iranian Shiite participation and understanding of the Arbaeen event. The research methodology is qualitative. Data were collected using ethnography methods and analyzed by grounded theory. According to the results, the inefficiency of the internal decision‐making system as a result of the government and its administrative system facing a variety of crises in various political, economic, social, and cultural arenas, as well as social inequality, contribute to this event's attendance. A feeling of religious discrimination and a lack of rights for the participants leads to this inequality. The meaning reconstruction of the pilgrims’ experience and perception serves as a channel for social participation and solidarity, cultural change, and a bridge between stakeholders and officials. The core category also refers to the Arbaeen event as an alternative to existing bottlenecks.
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