A label free immunosensor was designed for ultra-detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in real samples using a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. In a separate process, antiHER2 antibodies were attached to iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) to form stable bioconjugates which were later laid over the gold electrode surface. In this way, by the advantage of their long terminals, the bioconjugates provided the most possible space for the immuno-reaction between biomolecules. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor was responsive to HER2 concentrations over the ranges of 0.01-10 ng mL(-1) and 10-100 ng mL(-1) linearly and benefited from a satisfactory detection limit as low as 0.995 pg mL(-1) and a favorable sensitivity as sharp as 5.921 μA mL ng(-1). The reliability of the method in clinical analysis was proved by successful quantization of HER2 levels in serum samples obtained from patients. Furthermore, the precision and the stability of the method were evaluated and verified to be acceptable in immunoassay studies.

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Preliminary theoretical studies revealed the selective complexation of bis (2-mercaptoanil) diacetyl (BMDA) with La 3 over several alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metal ions. Thus, novel PVC-based membrane (PBM) and coated graphite membrane (CGM) sensors for La(III) based on BMDA were prepared. The electrodes display Nernstian behavior over wide concentration ranges (i.e., 1.0 Â 10 À5 ± 1.0 Â 10 À1 M for PBM and 1.0 Â 10 À6 ± 1.0 Â 10 À1 M for CGM). The potential response of sensors was pH independent in the range of 4.0 ± 8.0. The sensors possess satisfactory reproducibility, fast response time ( < 15 s), and specially excellent discriminating ability for La 3 ions with respect to most of the cations. The membrane sensor was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lanthanum ions with EDTA. The coated graphite membrane electrode was applied in determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparations.

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