By considering the adverse environmental impacts of the cement manufacturing process, there have been many efforts for cement replacement by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), which can enhance the produced concrete performance while reducing cement consumption. This study evaluated the effects of various proportions of silica fume (SF), waste glass powder (WGP), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. The properties evaluated in this study include compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, magnesium sulfate and sulfuric acid attack, surface resistivity, rapid chloride penetrability test (RCPT), water absorption, depth of penetration of water, and microstructure analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, chloride ion penetrability, and water absorption tests showed that adding 5% of SF to mixtures containing 10% WGP or 10% GGBFS improved concrete performance significantly due to packing density and synergistic effect; however, adding 5% of SF to concrete mixtures decreased the resistance against the magnesium sulfate and sulfuric acid attack. The binary mixture of 15% of WGP showed appropriate performance against the magnesium sulfate and sulfuric acid attack, which may be due to the sacrificial nature of WGP. In addition, the binary mixtures of 15% of WGP and 15% of GGBFS reduced the depth of penetration of water by 45%. Microstructure analysis by SEM showed that the presence of SF, along with WGP and GGBFS, improves the packing density. Finally, adding 5% of SF is suggested to improve the properties of concrete mixtures containing WGP and GGBFS.
Niavaran Complex features a mix of architectural styles with the elements from modernism and traditional Iranian architecture and is situated in the northern part of Tehran. The Sahebqaraniyeh Heritage Palace from the time of Naser al-Din Shah of the Qajar dynasty is located in this complex (1846-1896). Based on the initial investigation done by Iran’s Cultural Heritage Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), significant damages and cracking were observed in structural elements of the palace (walls and roofs). To this end, since early 2014, the monument is closed to the public and in-depth assessment has been carried out. The study includes seismicity of the Niavaran fault, soil liquefaction, landslides, land subsidence, and historical aspects, such as the removal of stabilizing walls about half a century ago and the reduction in underground water level. The detailed field investigation and experimental testing were performed by the Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) of Iran. One of the main investigations has been the influence of deep excavations downstream in the south part of the palace. The outcome of structural, geotechnical, geophysical, and other related investigations indicated that the Niavaran Cultural/Historic Complex has been damaged significantly in the last decades and is in urgent need of retrofitting/strengthening.
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