BackgroundEscherichia coli is considered as the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) and acquired multiple resistances to a wide range of antibiotics such as aminoglycosides. Enzymatic alteration of aminoglycosides (AMEs) by aminoglycoside- modifying enzymes is the main mechanism of resistance to these antibiotics in E. coli. The aim of this study was detection and investigation of frequency of genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IIa and ant(2′′)-Ia) in UPEC isolated from hospitalized patients in teaching hospital of Tehran, Iran.FindingsA total of 276 UPEC were obtained from Urine samples in a hospital from Tehran. Antibiotic susceptibility to aminoglycosides was determined by disk diffusion method according CLSI guidelines in UPEC isolates. MICs of target antibiotics were determined by agar dilution method. All isolates were screened for the presence of the AMEs genes using the PCR. The results of disk diffusion showed 21%, 24.6%, 23.18%, 3.62% and 6.15% of isolates were resistant to Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Kanamicin, Amikacin and Netilmicin respectively. The agar dilution’s results (MICs) were high, 66.19% for Gentamicin. The aac (3)-IIa and ant(2″)-Ia genes were detected in (78.87%) and 47.88% of isolates respectively.ConclusionsThis study shows the high frequency of genes encoding (AMEs) aac(3)-IIa and ant(2”)-Ia genes and their relationship between different aminoglycoside resistance phenotypes.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the commensal bacteria and components of nose normal flora in 30-40% of people. The cellular phone is infected through the hands of a person who has already been infected with nasal discharge, in the hospital. Patients and family members with a weakened immune system are at high risk of contamination; the treatment procedure is difficult. Materials and methods: 200 individuals who were working in the emergency departments of Ghaem were included in the study. Sampling was done by three sterile swabs; two swabs from the nose and one from the surface of the cellular phone. The diagnosis was done according to the staphylococcus biochemical tests. Beta-lactamase positive staphylococcus was identified by nitrocefin. MIC method was performed using E-test strips and agar dilution for detecting the MRSA. Results: 86 out of 200 nasal, and 200 cellular phone samples were diagnosed as beta-lactamase positive staphylococci and sensitivity test was done. 17 out of 86 beta-lactamase positive Staphylococcus aureus samples were resistant to cefoxitin, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime; just one of these 17 samples was resistant to vancomycin. 24 samples were contaminated with healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Totally, cellular phone and nasal discharge of 12% of studied individuals were infected with the HA-MRSA. Conclusion: Cell phone usage should be prohibited in the hospital sections. Disinfection of the mobile phone should be taken when leaving the hospital, along with hand, face, and nose washing seriously. It is suggested to evaluate all persons working in hospitals regarding the contamination to MRSA.

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