Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of nutitional status of female commercial sex workers (FCSWs) in Dhaka city and to determine which socio-economic, behavioural and sexual health practices associated with chronic energy deficiency (CED) and overweight/obesity. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among 635 FCSWs (308 hotel-based/HBSWs and 327 floating-based/FBSWs). Research tools were pretested questionnaire and anthropometric measurement (height–weight). Multistage sampling technique was employed to collect the data according to probability proportional to size from 7 hotels and 3 spots. Socio-demographic, sexual-health and behavioural data were collected by direct interview of the FCSWs from working places and were processed by statistical software package. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the factors influencing BMI kg/m2 of FCSWs. Results: Mean age of the FCSWs was 21.1 years with a range of 14 to 55 years. Vast majority of FCSWs were illiterate (65.8%), widowed/separated/abandoned (44.6%) followed by 43.5% married. Prevalence of CED (<18.5 kg/m2) and overweight/obesity (≥25) was 22.8% and 16.3%, respectively. CED rate was almost doubled among FBSWs than HBSWs (P < .001). From the fitted MNLR model, variables like being HBSWs [odds ratio (OR) = .518], no mass media exposure (OR = 2.29) are found to be significant (P < .05) in the model of normal BMI verses CED. Similarly, being HBSWs (OR = 2.2), <26 years age (OR = .418), one-time coital frequency with normal clients (OR = .412), 1 to 7 days monthly absent (OR = .381), no alcohol consumption (OR = .149), drug habit (cannabis) (OR = .441), monthly income ≤7000 BDT (OR = .487) are found to be significant in the model of normal BMI verses overweight/obesity. Conclusion: FCSWs face double burden of malnutrition. Older age, higher income, being hotel-based FCSW, frequency of coitus, monthly abstinence from sex work, regular alcohol consumption and taking no drug are influential factors for overweight/obesity while being floating FCSW and having no mass media items (TV/Radio) are important determinants of CED.
Background: Increasing number of women with HIV are choosing to become pregnant as there is dramatic reduction in the risk of vertical transmission. However, management of HIV in pregnancy still poses a variety of challenges and adverse pregnancy outcomes are still common. We aimed to explore the factors associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy in our HIV cohort. Methods: It is a retrospective case note review of all the women attended our unit and had HIV care from 2008–2011. A total of 87 women were followed up. Three women had two pregnancies during the study period. Data collected from Genitourinary Medicine and maternity records were analysed using SPSS program. Results: Mean age was 34 yrs ranging from 20–43 yrs. Majority (91%) were of African origin; 67% had HIV subtype C; 26% resistant to one or more class of HIV drugs; 55% had a nadir CD4 fewer than 350; 44% diagnosed at an antenatal setting and 62% were planned pregnancies. Prior to the current pregnancy, these women had 121 children: 5% of the children have HIV and 33% not tested for HIV. Of the partners, 38% have HIV and 73% were aware of their partner's HIV status. None of the children born during the study period were infected with HIV; mean birth weight was 2789 g; there were 3 sets of twins; one still birth and one child died soon after birth. Around 46% were on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) during conception, 6% had miscarriages and 16% had emergency caesarean sections. At delivery, viral load was detectable in 23%, mainly due to poor adherence (11%) and late presentation (9%). 38% of the women experienced an obstetric complication, premature labour 9%; premature rupture of membranes and gestational diabetes both accounted to 4% whilst 3% had post-partum haemorrhage. On ART during conception and late HIV diagnosis that is nadir CD4, less than 350 cells were significantly associated (P<0.05) with having a foetal complication such as prematurity 8%, low birth weight 7% or having a foetal abnormality 2.3%. There was no significant association between 1st and 2nd trimester ART exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as prematurity, low birth weight or foetal abnormality. Conclusion: Late diagnosis of HIV and ART during conception is significantly associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Widespread HIV testing is essential and has to be extended to non-traditional settings. In addition, more studies are needed on ART exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Dietary fibres are known to provide health benefit and protect against degenerative chronic diseases. Thus, the present study reports the total dietary fibre (TDF) content of sixty-nine selected ethnic and unconventional vegetables and fruits growing in Bangladesh. The samples were collected from different locations of Bangladesh and mixed together to ensure sample representativeness. Dietary fibre assay kit according to the AOAC method was utilized for the analysis of TDF in selected vegetables and fruits. In the ethnic varieties, the TDF content ranged from 1.02 ± 0.16 to 7.16 ± 0.16 g for leafy (LV), 0.18 ± 0.01 to 6.71 ± 0.49 g for non-leafy vegetables (NLV) and 1.21 ± 0.12 to 5.29 ± 0.20 g for fruits per 100 g edible portion (EP). In the unconventional items, it arrayed from 3.08 ± 0.34 g to 7.75 ± 0.13 g for LV and 1.02 ± 0.06 to 8.82 ± 0.40 g for NLV per 100 g EP. Among the analysed samples, the highest and lowest content of TDF was found in Orohordal and Mairabokong, respectively. The unconventional vegetables contained much higher content of TDF than the ethnics and the commonly consumed similar varieties. Data on TDF content in underutilized vegetables and fruits of Bangladesh is sparse. Thus, the finding of this study would fill up the data gap in the existing food composition table of Bangladesh and also would aware the people to take vegetables and fruits rich in fibres.
Arsenicosis is common among villagers as they drink more contaminatedwater since the arsenic-crisis in Bangladesh. Supplementation of vitamins and micronutrients in counteracting arsenic toxicity has been proved for arsenic treatment. This study was intended to assess protective and beneficial roles of some commonly eaten vegetables on the development and severity of arsenicinduced skin lesions. A case-control study among (N=122) adult rural-women (62 cases had various forms of arsenical skin-lesions e.g. melanosis/keratosis/ mixed-lesions and 60 sex-age-matched healthy-controls) was conducted in Shaharstee Upazilla of Chandpur district, Bangladesh. Socio-demographic data recorded in a pre-tested-questionnaire, ‘per-day vegetables ingestion’ of cases and controls were measured qualitative and quantitatively (24-hour recall-methods, food-frequency/week and food history-record/week). Multiple logistic regression/MLR analyses were performed to find out protective roles of some dietary leafy-vegetables/LVs and non-leafy vegetables/NLVs on arsenicosis and their influences on the degree of severity of arsenicosis also determined. Abstinence from taking some LVs/NLVs among cases than controls is associated with increased risk for arsenicosis (P<0.05). Amongst all most-frequently eaten vegetables (n=17) per day Momordica diocia has the highest skin protective role on arsenicosis [Adjusted odds ratio/AOR 8.2, 95% CI (2.11-31.9), P=<0.01], followed by Ipomoea acquatica (AOR:7.3), Basella alba (AOR:6.2), Solanum tuberosum (AOR:4.0), Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis (AOR:3.2), Trichosanthes anguina (AOR:1.2) and Abelmoschus esculentus (AOR:1.2). Moreover, severe skin lesion was observed as compared to non-severe cases (mild/moderate) for less intake frequencies of vegetables. This study outlined that commonly eaten vegetables have protective and beneficial roles on arsenic-induced skin lesions. Large samples longitudinal study of this important field of therapeutic-intervention is warranted
Child dietary diversity (CDD) is an important nutritional outcome measuring the economic ability of a household to access a variety of foods during a determined period. Relating household income to CDD and child anthropometric failure, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 275 selected Dhaka city slum children of 6-12 years. Prevalence of stunting (18%), wasting (19.4%), and underweight (22%) among them were found similar to the current national figure. However, a sizable number of households showed increased DDS (>5), thereby indicating an increased household purchasing power (PP). Bivariate regression analysis showed that children from lower family income (≤6000 BDT) were 3 times more likely to be stunted as compared to children with greater family income [Unadjusted OR=3.097, 95% CI (1.578-6.077), p=0.001]. Furthermore, logistic regression showed that children who had <5 DDS were 2 times more likely to be stunted than children who had ≥5 DDS [Adjusted OR=2.127, 95% CI (1.051- 4.305), p=0.036]. Therefore, an inverse association has been found between CDD and their anthropometric failure. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 45(1); 85-94: June 2021
Aim This cross-sectional study assessed the nutritional status of ethnic reproductive women aged between 15-40 years, comprising 85 lactating women (LW) and 86 non-pregnant-non-lactating women (NPNLW) who lived in various parts of three hilly districts (Bandarban, Khagrachari and Rangamati) of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) of Bangladesh. Materials and Method Research tool was pretested semi-structured questionnaire for this observational study. Anthropometric indices like weight, height and mid-upper-arm-circumference (MUAC) were used in assessing the nutritional status. Results Most (44.4%) of the ethnic women were Marma, followed by Chakma (39.8%), Bam (8.2%) and Tripura (5.8%). No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in socio-economic variables between LW and NPNLW. Overall, mean age of the women was 28 (±7.2) years; mean family income was 18,822.2 (±3091) BDT and majority (86%-87%) were reported to be food secured throughout the year. Mean Dietary calorie (2631±798 kcal) intake of both groups were up to the mark according to the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) and most (80.3%-86%) of them also possessed good nutritional knowledge. However, no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in dietary calorie intake and nutritional knowledge score between two groups of women. Overall, most (68.4%) of the women had normal body max index (BMI kg/m2), 11.7% were found to be undernourished or thin and 19.9% were overweight. It was noticed that better nutritional status of LW and NPNLW were significantly associated with literacy (P<0.05), occupancy in household chores (P<0.05), better income (P<0.05), food security (P<0.05), recommended calorie intake level (P<0.05) and better nutritional knowledge score (P<0.05). Conclusion This study showed that vast majority of the ethnic reproductive women of CHTs are in better nutritional status with normal BMI (kg/m2) and daily calorie intake according to RDA. Most of them were food secured and their nutritional knowledge score was also up to the mark. Better socio-economic condition, nutritional knowledge and accurate calorie intake play a vital role in achieving healthy nutritional status of the two women groups of CHTs.
Globally diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a burning issue. Prediction of global estimation that the proportion of diabetes with adult will increase 69% for the year 2030. Hans Selye, the Canadian physiologist, was the first scientist to study the effects of psychological stress on the human body in 1936.Diabetic patients are in a state of high oxidative stress which leading to impaired glucose homeostasis, insulin insufficiency, and other complications.: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to see the effect of the vitamin D supplementation on oxidative stress in vitamin D deficientT2DM patients. In this study, a total of 124 T2DM patients were randomly enrolled, among them Treatment group 61 and placebo 63. In treatment group received 20,000IU vitamin D every 5thDay for three months in addition to regular treatment. Analysis of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Vitamin D 25(OH)2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been estimated both at the time of study recruitment, at 6th weeks and after 12-weeks of vitamin D supplementation (endline). Present study showed after vitamin D supplementation, baseline mean FBG gradually significantly (P<0.001) decreased at the end line in treatment group as compared to placebo. All biochemical indices by P- trend like FBG, vitamin D, MDA and SOD were significantly different (P<0.05). Whenever, consider between groups vitamin D increased (P<0.05) and FBG decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treatment group as compared to placebo. However, no significant impact on socio-demography variables, vitamin D and Stress-related characteristics between treatment and control groups after vitamin D supplementation as those variables are somewhat independent (p>0.05) both at baseline and end line. The results were considered significant at P<0.05. The statistical calculations were done using SPSS version 26 software. A strong positive co-relation between diabetes and oxidative stress were observed in this study and showed beneficial impact of vitamin D supplementation to reduce oxidative stress those who were vitamin D deficient.
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