Phosphine gas, or hydrogen phosphide (PH3), is the most common insecticide applied to durable stored products worldwide and is routinely used in the United States for treatment of bulk-stored cereal grains and other durable stored products. Research from the late 1980s revealed low frequencies of resistance to various residual grain protectant insecticides and to phosphine in grain insect species collected in Oklahoma. The present work, which used the same previously established discriminating dose bioassays for phosphine toxicity as in the earlier study, evaluated adults of nine different populations of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and five populations of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) collected from different geographic locations in Oklahoma. One additional population for each species was a laboratory susceptible strain. Discriminating dose assays determined eight out of the nine T. castaneum populations, and all five populations of R. dominica, contained phosphine-resistant individuals, and highest resistance frequencies were 94 and 98%, respectively. Dose-response bioassays and logit analyses determined that LC99 values were approximately 3 ppm for susceptible and 377 ppm for resistant T. castaneum, and approximately 2 ppm for susceptible and 3,430 ppm for resistant R. dominica. The most resistant T. castaneum population was 119-fold more resistant than the susceptible strain and the most resistant R. dominica population was over 1,500-fold more resistant. Results suggest a substantial increase in phosphine resistance in these major stored-wheat pests in the past 21 yr, and these levels of resistance to phosphine approach those reported for other stored-grain pest species in other countries.

This study investigated teachers' conceptions of technology integration into their teaching from two renowned technical and vocational education (TVE) institutes in New South Wales, Australia. Thirteen teachers were interviewed using qualitative techniques informed by the phenomenographic approach. The analysis of the data revealed that TVE teachers perceived the use of technology in teaching in four qualitatively different ways: (a) upgrading teacher knowledge, (b) ease of communication, (c) effective teaching, and (d) flexible teaching. Some findings align with existing phenomenographic studies of teachers' conceptions held in the context of university education. This study contributes to teachers' conceptions literature by identifying "flexible teaching" as one of the most significant conceptions of teaching within the context of TVE teaching in particular and higher education in general. The findings of the study could have an impact on teaching practice and faculty development programs in both TVE and other higher educational institutes.

Chikungunya (CHIK) has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide. Recently, atypical manifestations are drawing special attention because these might be associated with various complications. Information on atypical manifestations of CHIK is still limited. Here, we analyzed a dataset of 1,326 cases from our recent Dhaka outbreak study to explore the demographics and distributions of atypical manifestations. About 80% of cases reported at least one atypical symptom. Among all atypical symptoms, the most common and unique atypical symptom was joint pain before fever (90.2%), occurred predominantly in female respondents. Other common symptoms included red eye (68.2%), oral ulcer (37.7%), and dermatological manifestations (27.1%). More than two-thirds of patients reported multiple atypical symptoms. Atypical manifestations were not significantly different across age groups, except ocular complications. This study would be an important resource for clinicians and epidemiologists to understand the diversity of Chikungunya infection and, thus, help in better patient management.

Randomized complete block designs with 3 replications were utilized to evaluate the effects of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (0% at 96 h, 60% at 48 h, and 60% at 96 h) and ozone (O(3)) (0 and 175 ppm for 48 h) on the volatile flavor compound concentrations in dry-cured ham. Minimal differences existed in the presence and concentration of aroma active compounds in both CO(2) and O(3) fumigated hams but phenols were slightly more prevalent (P < 0.05) in the CO(2) treatments and oxidation compounds were slightly elevated (P < 0.05) in the ozone treated samples when compared to the control. Triangle tests (n = 54 and 56) indicated that consumers could not discern (P > 0.75) between the control hams and the hams that were fumigated with CO(2) and O(3), respectively. This study revealed that there were minimal aroma/flavor differences among the ham treatments between 0 and 60% CO(2) for 96 h; and also between 0 and 175 ppm O(3).