Burn injuries are common in children under 10 years of age. Thermal injury is the most common mechanism of injury and scalds account for >60% of such injuries. All children with burns will experience pain, regardless of the cause, size, or burn depth. Undertreated pain can result in noncompliance with treatment and, consequently, prolonged healing. It is acknowledged that the monitoring and reporting of pain in children with burns has generally been poor. Due to the adverse physiological and emotional effects secondary to pain, adequate pain control is an integral and requisite component in the management of children with burns. A multidisciplinary approach is frequently necessary to achieve a robust pain relief. Key to successful treatment is the continuous and accurate assessment of pain and the response to therapy. This clinical review article discusses the essential aspects of the pathophysiology of burns in children provides an overview of pain assessment, the salient principles in managing pain, and the essential pharmacodynamics of commonly used drugs in children with burn injuries. Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options are discussed, although a detailed review of the latter is beyond the scope and remit of this article.
In the science of life all the aspects of human being health are clearly mentioned. Due to changes in day-to-day life style, the superiority of human health is falling. Dreadful changes in life style have lead to disorders like obesity, diabetes, arthritis etc. Among these osteoarthritis is observed commonly in large populace. Along with old age, it is also prevalent in young generation. It is a disease of degeneration that means harmful degeneration initiate in early age group, which hamper quality of life. Even taking the treatment of modern medicine like chronic use of analgesic affects patient badly. These adverse effects are extremely hazardous. For that purpose, one can adopt right treatment which gives instant and safe result, without hassle. So, Ayurveda gives preventive measures which serve our life healthy and management that grants constructive safe and sound outcome. Hence the treatments like Vigdhakarma (pricking), Agnikarma (cauterization), and massage pressure points in osteoarthritis and essentiality of it for fast altering life style is discussed in full paper
Obesity is consistently accompanied by the development of resistance to the effect of insulin to promote glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The resulting glucose intolerance leads to development of hyperinsulinemia, which, in turn, promotes synthesis of lipid by the liver (de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride synthesis). This leads to overproduction of VLDL and elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the plasma. Excess lipid also accumulates in the liver to produce fatty liver (hepatic steatosis). Although these processes have been well characterized in animal models of obesity and hyperinsulinemia, little information is available regarding these processes in livers of obese humans. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of hepatic lipid production in obese humans we examined global gene expression using Affymetrix human HG-U133A microarray chip in liver biopsy samples obtained from obese patients who were undergoing gastric-bypass surgery for weight loss and from post-obese individuals who were undergoing abdominal wall revision (tummy tuck) after weight loss following prior gastric-bypass surgery. Of the 22,400 probe sets on the chip 3,576 genes were expressed at a 95% or greater level of detection certainty. From this dataset 39 genes were identified that were highly overexpressed (2-fold or greater) in obese livers, and 33 genes were identified that were underexpressed (22-fold or greater) in obese livers as compared to post-obese controls. Functional analysis of over- and underexpressed genes revealed altered expression of genes related to insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and immunologic response. Several genes of specific interest for insulin resistance and hepatic lipid synthesis were highly regulated in obese human liver. These include genes related to insulin signaling [suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) and leptin receptor (LEP)], inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD2)], and lipid synthesis [fatty acid synthase (FASN)]. The potential significance of altered expression of these and other genes in obese human liver is discussed.
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