BACKGROUNDThe clinical significance of the ABO blood group system extends beyond transfusion medicine. It is remarkable that 100 years after the work of Karl Landsteiner (1900) on blood grouping, the scene is different and numerous studies have been carried out on association of blood groups with diseases. But, very less research is done on association of blood groups with other haematological parameters like bleeding time and clotting time.The aim of the present study is to establish a relationship between blood groups and bleeding time, clotting time and to observe if there is any gender-based differences of the same. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn order to add to the existing knowledge on the subject, we studied 150 normal healthy subjects (Medical students) to find out the probable relationship between Blood groups and gender with bleeding time & clotting time. Blood group determination was done by mixing the sample of blood with antisera A and B and Anti D antisera and was confirmed by looking for clumping of RBCs under the microscope. Bleeding time was estimated by Duke Method and clotting time was estimated by capillary tube method. RESULTSIn our study, we observed that the O blood group individuals are having greater bleeding time and clotting time than the non-O blood group individuals. Females had more bleeding time and clotting time than males. CONCLUSIONSo, through this research, the fact that there is a gender-based difference in the Bleeding time and Clotting time is proven. The relationship between bleeding time and clotting time with the blood groups was also studied.
BACKGROUNDFine needle aspiration has been widely accepted as diagnostic procedure of choice in assessment of non-toxic thyroid nodule. Despite thyroid cytology being widely used as a first-line investigation to guide clinical management, until recently there was no standardized terminology for FNAC reporting. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytology (TBSRTC) has attempted to standardize reporting in aspiration smears.
Introduction: Leprosy is continuous spectrum of varied clinicopathological manifestations of the disease. 1 leprosy still continues to be one of major health problem due to consequent disabilities and social stigma. 2,3 Timely diagnosis helps in proper treatment and reduce the chances of recurrence. It is chronic infection which affects skin and peripheral nerves. 4,5 The nerve biopsies are difficult, diagnosis mainly depends upon clinical examination of skin lesions and histopathological diagnosis. Most of leprosy cases were diagnosed without histopathological examination. 6 The aim of the present study was to know the Role of skin biopsy in diagnosing leprosy cases. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional comparative study of skin biopsies of clinically suspected or diagnosed leprosy cases coming to the tertiary care hospital. Results: Sixty two (62) biopsies were included in the study. All biopsies were classified histologically compared with clinical diagnosis. Out of 62 cases, BB was the main clinical diagnosis comprising 19(30.6%) followed by BL 16(25.8%), LL 11(17.8%), IND 9(14.5%), BT 5(8.1%) and TT 2(3.2%) remaining. Out of these 62 cases, 40 (64.5%) cases histopathological diagnosis were agreed with clinical diagnosis. Conclusion: Histological examination is an important tool in the accurate diagnosis of leprosy. Indeterminate and borderline leprosy cases diagnosed on clinical grounds are difficult due to it's varied presentation and could mimic with other diseases, therefore histopathological examination is useful to confirm diagnosis and accurate typing of leprosy for proper treatment.
Introduction: The aetiology of ascites can be established in a majority of patients with routine clinical examination and conventional laboratory and imaging investigations; but in a minority, the cause may remain undetected even after these examinations. This ascites is termed as ascites of unknown origin. The Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) abdomen of these patients sometimes shows peritoneal nodules which can be useful to establish diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic value of peritoneal nodules detected on CECT abdomen in the management of ascites of unknown origin. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India on the data retrieved from the medical records of the patients between January 2019 to January 2021. These patients had already been vainly investigated with basic clinical, laboratory and diagnostic ultrasound examinations for the aetiology of ascites. All the patients who were diagnosed to have peritoneal nodules on CECT abdomen and later underwent laparoscopic tissue diagnosis of these peritoneal nodules were included in the study. The sizes of the peritoneal nodules and the distribution of the pathology were collected from CECT abdomen reports and compared them with the histopathology findings. Statistical analysis and plotting of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Results: Fifty-two patients of ascites of unknown origin with peritoneal nodules were included in the study. Of the total, 36 (69.2%) patients were males and 16 (30.8%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 48 years (22 to 74 years). Tissue diagnosis of the peritoneal nodules revealed that majority of the patients had carcinomatosis peritonei (88.5%) while a minority had tuberculosis (11.5%). A nodule size of more than 5 mm as a sign of malignancy on CECT abdomen had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 83%. Based on the tissue diagnosis of the peritoneal nodules these patients were treated with antituberculosis drugs for tuberculous abdomen and chemotherapy for carcinomatosis peritonei. Conclusion: Detection of peritoneal nodules on CECT abdomen can be helpful in guiding the clinician for further management of ascites of unknown origin.
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