Declines in Arctic sea ice associated with climate change have resulted in habitat loss for ice-adapted species, while facilitating increased human development at higher latitudes. Development increases land-use and shipping traffic, which can threaten ecologically and culturally important species. Female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and cubs are susceptible to disturbance during denning; a better understanding of denning habitat distribution may aid management. We compiled existing location data on polar bear denning (n = 64 sources) in Canada between 1967 and 2018, including traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) studies, government and consultant reports, peer-reviewed scientific articles, and unpublished data acquired through data-sharing agreements. We synthesized these data to create a map of known denning locations. Most coastal regions in northern Canada supported denning, but large areas exist where denning is unreported. Gaps remain in the knowledge of polar bear denning in Canada and filling these will aid the conservation and management of polar bears in a changing Arctic.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
In this article, Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and Bayesian estimation for Rayleigh distribution using progressive type-II censoring in the presence of outliers is considered. Inverse Gamma prior and Jeffreys prior are used for Bayesian estimation. Squared error loss function (SELF), precautionary loss function (PLF) and K-loss function (KLF) are used for obtaining the expressions of Bayes estimators and posterior risks. Credible intervals are also derived. A simulation study is presented to discuss the behavior of Bayes estimators. Applicability of the undertaken study is highlighted using three real data sets.
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