Low level of maternal knowledge in lactation, cesarean section and failure of early postnatal follow up was associated with the neonatal dehydration. Decreased urine and stool frequency might be considered as a warning for failure of lactation.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a life-threatening neonatal pathology resulting from poor hemodynamic and respiratory transition to extra uterine life. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a current, commonly used treatment of PPHN. However, iNO is not available therapy in many developing countries and around 50% of infants with PPHN do not respond to iNO therapy. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor type 5 (PDE5) that has been shown to selectively reduce pulmonary vascular resistance in both animal models and adult humans. Recent studies have found that in PPHN, administration of Sildenafil was associated with a significant increase in the oxygenation and a reduction in mortality with no clinically important side effects.
Prophylactic phototherapy was associated with a significant reduction of TSB in the first 48 hours of life but not later on. Clinical benefits of this strategy could not be proven.
Our objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of rectal cation-exchange resin (Kayexalate) versus salbutamol infusion for the treatment of nonoliguric hyperkalemia (NOHK) in preterm infants. Data of all neonates born with NOHK during the study period of 6 years and 8 months were recorded. Diagnostic criteria of NOHK included serum potassium (SK) concentration > or = 7 mmol/L during the first 72 hours of life with urine output > or = 1 mL/kg/hour. This before-after study was divided according to the date of admission; the first 15 patients were treated with Kayexalate enema 1 g/kg every 4 hours, and the remaining 30 patients were treated with intravenous salbutamol infusion as 4 mug/kg every 4 hours. Treatment discontinued when SK became < 6 mmol/L. SK was measured every 4 hours. Daily urine was collected. Fluid intake and output, serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, and glucose concentrations were obtained in all infants every 12 hours. All infants were observed with a cardiorespiratory monitor and oxygen saturation and blood pressure measurements. Perinatal characteristics in both groups were comparable. Mean gestational age was 26 and 28 weeks for salbutamol and Kayexalate, respectively. The peak of SK ranged between 7 and 9.3 mmol/L in the Kayexalate group and between 7 and 8.7 mmol/L in the salbutamol group ( P = 0.64). At 12 hours of treatment, SK became normal in only 4 patients (26%) in the Kayexalate group compared with 18 patients (60%) in the salbutamol group ( P = 0.003). The number of doses of Kayexalate administration was significantly higher than the doses of salbutamol ( P = 0.003). No significant side effects were detected in the salbutamol-treated infants. In contrast, there were two cases of severe ventricular tachycardia and one case of intestinal obstruction in the cation-exchange resin group. We concluded that salbutamol infusion is more effective with faster action and safer than cation-exchange resin (Kayexalate) for the treatment of NOHK in preterm infants.
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