Green magnetite/carbonized spent coffee (MG/CFC) composite was synthesized from natural pyrite and characterized as an adsorbent and catalyst in photo-Fenton’s oxidation system of Congo red dye (C.R). The absorption behavior was illustrated based on the steric and energetic parameters of the advanced Monolayer equilibrium model of one energetic site (R2 > 0.99). The structure exhibits 855 mg/g as effective site density which induces its C.R saturation adsorption capacity to 436.1 mg/g. The change in the number of absorbed C.R per site with temperature (n = 1.53 (293) to 0.51 (313 K)) suggests changes in the mechanism from multimolecular (up to 2 molecules per site) to multianchorage (one molecule per more than one site) processes. The energetic studies (ΔE = 6.2–8.2 kJ/mol) validate the physical uptake of C.R by MG/CFC which might be included van der Waals forces, electrostatic attractions, and hydrogen bonding. As a catalyst, MG/CFC exhibits significant activity during the photo-Fenton’s oxidation of C.R under visible light. The complete oxidation of C.R was detected after 105 min (5 mg/L), 120 min (10 mg/L), 135 min (15 mg/L), 180 min (20 mg/L), and 240 min (25 mg/L) using MG/CFC at 0.2 g/L dosage and 0.1 mL of H2O2. Increasing the dosage up to 0.5 g/L reduce the complete oxidation interval of C.R (5 mg/L) down to 30 min while the complete mineralization was detected after 120 min. The acute and chronic toxicities of the treated samples demonstrate significant safe products of no toxic effects on aquatic organisms as compared to the parent C.R solution.
The demand for L-asparaginase is predicted to increase several fold in the future due to its potential clinical applications in the treatment of lymphoid system malignancies and leukemia. Thus identifying suitable sources of production should be considered high priority. Fungi are valuable organisms as they are able to convert what would be considered 'useless' materials into materials that have potential value. The present study provides a proof of concept of production of a new hyperactive L-asparaginase producer (Rhizopus oryzae AM16), which was successfully isolated and sequentially optimized using a semi solid-state fermentation method with a simple and cheap medium produced from wheat bran (WB). The fungus was able to produce an appreciable amount of the enzyme (2,875.9 U) after 8 days of incubation under 85.7% moisture, in the presence of magnesium nitrate (5.0 mg N/mg nitrogen per gram of dry WB) at pH 5.8. Testing the anticancer activity confirmed the ability of the resultant enzyme to inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells (HepG2, MCF-7, HCT and A549). The IC 50 values of the dialyzed enzyme were lower than that of the crude product. Thus, this newly identified and purified L-asparaginase may be a promising anticancer drug.
The correct grant number in the Funding should be RGP-1441-0002.The Original article has been corrected.Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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