Background: Diabetic Nephropathy is also known as diabetic kidney disease. The major cause of diabetic nephropathy is diabetes Many candidate genes and genome-wide association studies have proved that gene FRMD3 is highly associated with diabetic nephropathy. Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the association of rs1888746 and rs1888747 with diabetic nephropathy in our local population of Pakistan. Research Design: For this study, we enrolled 50 physician-diagnosed patients and 25 healthy control from the young population. Genomic DNA was extracted by organic method and visualized on Agarose gel. Methodology: Monoplex PCR, real-time PCR, genotyping via high-resolution melting curve analysis,and SPSS software were used to accomplish the research work. Results: Our study found that variant rs1888746 shows an insignificant association with (p<0.0982) and rs188747 shows a significant association with (p<0.0498), but results need to be confirmed on a larger scale. Conclusion: The results concluded that our selected rs1888747 on FRMD3 gene shows the allelic association with diabetic nephropathy in Pakistani local population whereas r1888746 did not. Keywords: Genome Wide Association Studies, Diabetic Nephropathy, Genomic DNA, FRMD3 gene
Stem cells have a wide range of traits, including the ability to self-renewal and differential interactions between various cell types that vary with their location within tissue and their immediate surroundings. Inhibitors of both are influenced by the cell cycle, genes involved in chromosomal rearrangements, critical developmental proteins, and signaling pathways. Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog Pathways, BMI-1, OCT3/4, ARF, NANOG, p16Ink4a, and this includes HOXB4, SOX2, and their homologous paralog, govern self-renewal. Stem cells and their molecular pathways that regulate self-renewal and differentiation hold great promise for theoretical and practical studies. Keyword: gene regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation genes for BMI-1, NANOG, OCT3, OCT4, p16Ink4a, SOX2, microenvironment, ARF protein proteins 1 (hedgehog), proteins 2 (Wnt.), and receptors 3 (notch).
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