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The disclosure forms of the authors and reviewers are available on the ESC website www.escardio.org/guidelines † Representing the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Other ESC entities having participated in the development of this document:.

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For a rapid response in a broad group of patients, Vernakalant appears to be a reasonable first choice, while Flecainide and Propafenone can be used in patients without structural heart disease.