ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMFT) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on neurogenic overactive bladder dysfunction (OAB) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).Patients and methodsIn all, 80 patients [50 men and 30 women, with a mean (SD) age of 40.15 (8.76) years] with neurogenic OAB secondary to suprasacral SCI were included. They underwent urodynamic studies (UDS) before and after treatment. Patients were divided into two equal groups: Group A, comprised 40 patients who received 20 min of TENS (10 Hz with a 700 s generated pulse), three times per week for 20 sessions; Group B, comprised 40 patients who received PEMFT (15 Hz with 50% intensity output for 5 s/min for 20 min), three times per week for 20 sessions.ResultsIn Group B, there was a significant increase in the maximum cystometric capacity (P < 0.001), volume at first uninhibited detrusor contraction (P < 0.002), and maximum urinary flow rate (P < 0.02).ConclusionThe UDS showed that the effects of PEMFT in patients with neurogenic OAB secondary to suprasacral SCI was better than TENS for inducing an inhibitory effect on neurogenic detrusor overactivity.
The main author of this article had the opportunity to witness, to observe and to be trained in two different styles of group therapy leadership over the past few years: A more directive, prescriptive and active style that was developed in Egypt and is considered as the traditional Egyptian style of conducting dynamic therapy groups (Egyptian Inte grative Dynamic Model) and a less directive, more descriptive and passive style that was developed in the UK and is considered as the traditional style of leading dynamic therapy groups within the British National Health Service (British Group Analysis). The article tries to investigate the socio-cultural factors that favoured adopting the more directive, prescriptive and active format in the Egyptian model although it revolves around the same object-relations theoretical core as the British one. This might stimulate an interesting discussion on the relativity of psychotherapy concepts, processes and aims among different cultures.
A preliminary attempt was made to assess the prevalence of social phobia among patients attending a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Riyadh over a period of one year. The demographic characteristics of the patients presenting with the disorder were also examined. The results confirm our earlier impressions that this disorder is very frequent among our patients. Cases diagnosed as social phobia comprised 79.8% of phobic disorders, 20.3% of neurotic disorders, and 9.2% of all psychiatric disorders seen over a period of one year. The mean age of patients was 28.3 years and most (97.2%) were males. A higher percentage of patients (56.3%) were married. Data regarding educational level and occupation indicate good or above average levels of achievement and status. Explanations for findings are discussed, particularly in relation to the possible role of sociocultural factors. Characteristics. 1990; 10(6): 615-619 Though anxiety related to social and interpersonal situations is involved in several forms of psychiatric disturbance, it has also been recognized to constitute the main or only disorder, with characteristics typical of phobia, and to an extent justifying its categorization as such [1]. Probably the clearest present delineation of this category is that provided by the DSM III [2] in which social phobia is identified as persistent irrational fear of, and compelling desire to avoid, situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others, the fear or anxiety being largely centered around acting in a way that may be embarrassing, humiliating, or shameful. It is a phobia related to performance or function [3]. MA Al-Khani, MM Arafa, Social Phobia in Saudi Patients: A Preliminary Assessment of Prevalence and DemographicReports of the prevalence of phobic disorders indicate that they affect less than 1% of a given population and constitute about 5% of all neurotic disorders seen in outpatient clinics [3]. According to Marks [4], phobic disorders are found in 2 to 3% of all neurotic patients in North America and England. It is believed that simple phobia is the most common in the general population but it is not clinically documented, as individuals rarely seek treatment [2]. Clinically, however, Western studies indicate that agoraphobia is the most common and constitutes more than 50% of all phobic disorders in patients seeking treatment [4,5]. Less information is available about social phobia, but according to the DSM III [2], it is "apparently relatively rare."Reports concerning the demographic characteristics of phobic patients indicate that social phobia is characteristically associated with adolescence, while agoraphobia usually starts in the late teens or early twenties. Conversely, simple phobias mostly start during childhood. Agoraphobia and simple phobia are more frequently diagnosed in women, while the sex ratio of social phobia is not known [2,3]. In some late studies, however, social phobia was found to be more frequent in males. Compared to agoraphobics, patients with social phobia pr...
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