1. When leukocytes from two normal, unrelated subjects are mixed together and cultured, some of them transform into large basophilic cells that can synthesize DNA and undergo mitosis.
2. The stimulus for this change is the presence of two sets of leukocytes. Foreign erythrocytes, plasma or platelets have no effect.
3. Studies with mixtures of leukocytes from pairs of identical and nonidentical twins indicate that the reaction may be related to genetic differences between the two subjects.
4. It is suggested that the reaction in leukocyte mixtures may be related to homograft immunity.
Twenty diabetics with end-stage renal disease who had never previously received dialysis treatment were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for periods of two to 36 months (average, 14.5). Intraperitoneal administration of insulin achieved good control of blood sugar. Even though creatinine clearance decreased significantly (P = 0.001), control of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine was adequate. Hemoglobin and serum albumin levels increased significantly (P = 0.005 and 0.04, respectively). Similarly, there was a significant increase in serum triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.02 and 0.05). Blood pressure became normal without medications in all but one of the patients. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and osteodystrophy remained unchanged. Peritonitis developed once in every 20.6 patient-months--a rate similar to that observed in nondiabetics. The calculated survival rate was 93 per cent at one year; the calculated rate of continuation on ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was 87 per cent. We conclude that continuous ambulatory dialysis with intraperitoneal administration of insulin is a good alternative treatment for diabetics with end-stage renal disease.
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