Zieliñska, M., 2017. Or ganic-mat ter vitrinite reflectance vari abil ity in the Outer Carpathians, Po land: re la tion ship to tec tonic evo lu tion. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 61 (1): 214-226, doi: 10.7306/gq.1338 Ran dom vitrinite reflectance of allochthonous plant ma te rial var ies through out all the flysch sed i men tary units of the Outer West ern Carpathians. The vitrinite reflectance of coalified phytogenic mat ter is vari able even within the same lithostratigraphic unit. There is no clear re la tion ship be tween ran dom vitrinite reflectance and stra tig ra phy (age of par tic u lar strata) within sur face sam ples. The typ i cal pat tern of in creas ing ran dom reflectance with depth in bore holes is un set tled by R r o "jumps" which oc cur within folds and overthrusts. How ever, this study re vealed a trend of in creas ing ran dom vitrinite reflectance from north to south in the area of the Magura Unit. A compressional re gime in volv ing phases of up lift and burial, vary ing from place to place in the flysch ba sin, was the main fac tor in flu enc ing coalification. The ini tial ma tu rity of or ganic mat ter trans ported to the ma rine en vi ron ment was a sec ond ary fac tor. A de gree of coalification had oc curred in the flysch sed i ments prior to the main stage of fold-and-thrust move ments as so ci ated with the phase of max i mum tec tonic sub si dence at the end of the Eocene. It is gen er ally as sumed that coalified plant ma te rial dis persed in sed i men tary rocks ex pe ri enced the same phys i cal and chem i cal changes as those in larger ac cu mu la tions of coal. Coalification of phytogenic ma te rial co eval with flysch in the Outer Carpathians cor re sponds to the in ter val from sub-bi tu mi nous to low-me dium-rank bi tu mi nous coal.
The char ac ter iza tion of or ganic mat ter (OM) in sed i men tary rocks is im por tant in many types of bi o log i cal, geo log i cal and envi ron men tal re search. The in te grated use of mi cros copy and geo chem is try, as here, is par tic u larly use ful in any at tempt to de fine the or i gin and evo lu tion of OM in sed i men tary bas ins. The or ganic pe trog ra phy and geo chem is try dif fer ent types of allogenic and authigenic OM from the Pol ish Outer Carpathian (POC) rocks were stud ied in pres ent study to com pare their ge netic type, ther mal ma tu rity, depositional en vi ron ment and post-sed i men ta tion pro cesses. Spe cial at ten tion was paid to re de pos ited coal clasts oc cur rences. The used tech niques show dif fer ences in or ganic mat ter type orig i nat ing from var i ous sources. The or ganic pe trog ra phy anal y sis shows that re de pos ited coal clasts (CC) and terrigenous or ganic mat ter (TOM) are com posed pre dom i nantly of woody ma te rial (the gas-prone Type-III kerogen). Sim i lar re sults were ob tained dur ing the Rock-Eval py rol y sis. More over, the GC-MS anal y sis of ex tracts in di cated the ad di tional source of OM, namely plank tonic organic mat ter (POM) with oil-prone kerogen Type-I or II. This OM is in some cases high ther mally ma ture and could po ten tially has allochthonous or i gin. The n-alkane, sat u rated and ar o matic biomarker data re vealed de po si tion of this POM in anoxic deltaic or close-shore sed i men tary en vi ron ments whereas the re de pos ited coal clasts were prob a bly orig i nally de pos ited in coal swamps as were the Up per Silesian bi tu mi nous coals.
The Grajcarek Unit of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB), at the boundary between the Central (Inner) and Outer Carpathians, resulted from the convergence of the ALCAPA (the Alps–Carpathians–Pannonia) block and European plate. The strongly deformed slices of the Grajcarek Unit consist of Jurassic–Cretaceous sedimentary rocks associated with Late Cretaceous–Middle Palaeocene synorogenic wild-flysch, and sedimentary breccias with olistoliths. Maximum burial temperatures and burial depths were estimated based on vitrinite reflectance data. The vitrinite reflectance values were wide scattered through the Grajcarek sedimentary succession, especially in the flysch formations. This is attributed mainly to the depositional effects that affected the vitrinite evolution. The determined maximum burial temperatures were interpreted due to the regional compression controlled by tectonic burial coeval with thrusting and strike-slip faulting. The regional vitrinite reflectance variations might estimate cumulative displacement around the NNW–SSE and oriented the strike-slip Dunajec fault, which is a continuation of the deep fracture Kraków–Myszków fault zone.
<p>Facies analysis of the Cergowa Beds of the Polish and Slovak Outer Carpathians shows that this deep-marine siliciclastic unit was deposited by a spectrum of gravity flows ranging from high to low density, which deposited three facies associations (A, B and C). Association A consists of very fine- to medium-grained sandstones with mudstone and coal clasts, granules and rich in coalified organic matter fragments. Sandstones beds reach 8 m in thickness, are massive and subordinately parallel laminated (Ta and Tab). They are interpreted as resulting from incremental, rapid deposition from collapse of a near-bed layer (Ta, Tab) and laterally sheared near-bed layer (Tb) below high-density, turbulent flows and steady turbidity currents or, in case of mud-rich sandstones, en masse deposition by debris flows. Association B comprises very fine- and fine-grained sandstones with mud and coal clasts, granules and coalified plant fragments and detritus. They are massive, parallel- and ripple cross-laminated (Tab, Tabc, Tbc), reach 2 m in thickness and contain mudstone intercalations up to 50 cm. These sandstones seem to have originated from a combination of incremental deposition by high-density turbidity currents (Tab, Tb), low-amplitude bedload waves at the upper stage planar lamination in more dilute turbidity current (Tb) and suspension of fully turbulent and dilute turbidity currents (Tbc, Tc). Association C consists of very fine- to fine-grained sandstones and siltstones with fine organic detritus and minor mud clasts. Parallel- and ripple cross-lamination (Tbc, Tbcd) dominate, bed thickness of sandstones and siltstones amounts to 1-50 cm and mudstones reaches 200 cm. Association C was deposited by transformation of waning, dilute and fully turbulent turbidity currents from ripples into lower stage planar lamination.</p><p>Sandstone and mudstone beds at Lipowica (Poland) contain three types of coalified terrestrial organic matter. Based on their morphology and size these are: (i) coalified plant detritus dispersed in B and C associations, (ii) coalified plant fragments forming elongated lenses in A and B associations and (iii) coalified fragments of tree trunks occurring in A and B facies. Petrographic components of organic matter represented by collotelinite, telinite, gelinite and fusinite with co-occuring framboidal pyrite indicate terrestrial plants affected by fast gelification and burial processes of varying intensity. The size of the plant fragments supplied to the Dukla basin is positively correlated with indicators of hydrodynamic regimes suggested by their hosting sediments. Namely, the larger the fragments, the higher flow energy and steadier and longer lasting sustained sediment delivery.</p><p>Sedimentary features of the Cergowa Beds suggest deposition out of gradually aggrading sustained turbulent sandy gravity flows primarily controlled by hyperpycnal effluents from a delta. Palaeocurrent data and comparison of mineral composition of sandstone infilling a hollow coalified tree trunk at Lipowica quarry with sandstone beds of the hosting succession suggest provenance from shelf fringing the emergent Silesian Ridge, which acted as a source area to the west of the basin. The depositional age NP23 and NP24 during the Oligocene eustatic sea-level fall implies that the delta supplying the Cergowa basin was located at the edge of this shelf.</p>
The Zembrzyce Beds were studied to interpret the environments and facies in the western part of the Siary Subunit. New sedimentological data were obtained for the reconstruction of the depositional architecture of the Zembrzyce Beds. Based on detailed facies analysis, 9 facies and 4 facies associations were recognized. The facies associations represent different architectural elements of a submarine fan, such as: termination of distributary channel with transition to depositional lobe (distal part of mid-fan/outer fan sub-deposystem), lobes and distal lobes (outer fan sub-deposystem). According to the classification of Reading & Richards (1994) the fan deposystem can be classified as mud/sand-rich ramp. This system consists of several elongated lobes that formed synchronously, migrated laterally, and then retreated or decayed. The depositional system was supplied from the north and north-east. The inner-fan sub-deposystem was not detected. The sediments were deposited by high- and low-density turbidity currents and hyper-concentrated density flows sensu Mulder & Alexander (2001) with participation of the depositional background processes (pelagic settling). The sedimentary conditions of the Zembrzyce Beds during the Late Eocene were controlled by tectonic movements, the progress of the subduction and the global sea level changes.
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