Motivation: The idea of EU Energy Union was presented in 2014 as a response to the deepening energy crisis with the main gas supply partner, Russia. In 2015 and in 2017 European Commission presented the state of the Energy Union, which shows progress made since the Energy Union Framework Strategy was adopted. It was planned that in 2016 Energy Union would be fully implemented. The Energy Union is based on the three objectives of EU climate and energy policy: security of supply, sustainability and competitiveness. To reach these objectives the Energy Union focuses on five mutually supportive dimensions: 1) energy security, solidarity and trust; 2) a fully integrated European energy market; 3) energy efficiency contributing to moderation of demand; 4) decarbonising the economy and 5) research, innovation and competitiveness. Aim: The objective of this article is to analyse the current state of the implementation of the first objective of the Energy Union: energy security, solidarity and trust in the context of the energy strategies of selected EU countries. Results: None from the Member States was against the Energy Union project, but each of them understands this term differently. Full implementation of the concept is in contradiction with the energy policies of some Member States, mainly the big players. There are no concrete solutions to the implementation of instruments to enhance energy security.
The generators of the classical Specht module satisfy intricate relations. We introduce the Specht matroid, which keeps track of these relations, and the Specht polytope, which also keeps track of convexity relations. We establish basic facts about the Specht polytope, for example, that the symmetric group acts transitively on its vertices and irreducibly on its ambient real vector space. A similar construction builds a matroid and polytope for a tensor product of Specht modules, giving "Kronecker matroids" and "Kronecker polytopes" instead of the usual Kronecker coefficients. We dub this process of upgrading numbers to matroids and polytopes "matroidification," giving two more examples. In the course of describing these objects, we also give an elementary account of the construction of Specht modules different from the standard one. Finally, we provide code to compute with Specht matroids and their Chow rings.The irreducible representations of the symmetric group S n were worked out by Young and Specht in the early 20th century, and they remain omnipresent in algebraic combinatorics. The symmetric group S n has a unique irreducible representation for each partition of n. For example, S 4 has exactly five irreducible representations corresponding to the partitions (4) (
In the face of the current energy crisis and the need to implement the objectives of climate and energy policy, it seems necessary to examine energy efficiency. Accordingly, this article aims to assess the energy efficiency of European Union (EU) countries. The assessment is performed using data envelopment analysis (DEA), a non-parametric method of measurement of relative efficiency. Ireland recorded the highest energy efficiency both in 2013 and 2020. The average efficiency of all countries assessed was lower in 2020 than in 2013. The number of fully efficient countries had decreased in 2020 compared to 2013. The differentiation of countries in terms of energy efficiency had increased in 2020. The research made it possible to express the efficiencies of countries using a single indicator applied to establish countries’ rankings. The lowest-ranked states are encouraged to improve their technologies for transforming inputs into outputs following the technologies of the benchmark countries. Moreover, a new approach to defining and measuring energy efficiency is proposed. We define energy efficiency as the ratio of services, goods and/or energy obtained to the energy input. In analysing energy efficiency, we emphasise dynamic perspectives rather than static ones.
In the last years, the fact of anthropogenic impact on climate change taking place in the world has become indisputable. Both countries and international organizations have taken steps to reduce GHG emissions, move to a low-carbon economy and implement solutions that reduce human impact on the environment. The EU, by intensifying its activities, has also prepared a strategy known as the European Green Deal. In implementing the EGD, it is important to analyze the impact of energy development in energy-intensive sectors of the economy (industry, transport, agriculture, services and other cores) on atmospheric pollution. Energy development is understood as the energy consumption percentage from all its consumption. In the article, complex correlation–regression analysis was implemented, which included not only energy development impact on the CO2 emissions level (i.e., production-based CO2 efficiency), but also its impact on economic growth. The research was conducted for the EU euro area countries. It was determined that the strongest positive correlation is to be found in the transport sector, which implies that with an increase in energy consumption in that sector, production-based CO2 efficiency is increasing. On the other hand, this increment in efficiency was relatively small and was achieved with the rapid growth of the energy consumption. The implemented research confirmed that the transportation sector is the one which is polluting the atmosphere the most with CO2 emissions in the Eurozone. The results of the implemented research could be used for the formation of targeted measures for the green growth strategy implementation, and also for ECB and EIB to support “green” projects.
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