Moisture adsorption and related dimensional change were examined in several samples of historic and contemporary parchment. The tensile behaviour was determined for contemporary parchment and two selected historic materials. The moisture-related data for most parchments are close to the contemporary material while aging and past treatments may lower adsorption of moisture and, in consequence, the dimensional change induced by changes in the moisture content. Contemporary parchment exhibited larger water vapour adsorption and moisture-related response compared to most historic materials and, therefore, can be regarded as the worst-case material in terms of the climate-induced risks to parchment. Tensile parameters of parchment varied significantly with increasing relative humidity (RH). Elasticity modulus declined from on average 1200 to 400 MPa and strain at failure doubled when RH increased from 30 to 85%. Parchment's critical strain at which permanent deformation occurred decreased dramatically with increasing RH reaching zero at 80%. Irreversible curling produced by variations in RH to which flat parchment specimens were subjected were measured by scanning the specimen surface with the use of a laser triangulation sensor. The degree of curling was expressed quantitatively as standard deviation of local curvatures in the parchment sheet. The study opens a perspective of using the relationship between degree of curling and magnitude of RH variations to derive categories of risk to parchment from indoor climate variations, under the condition that quantitative loss of aesthetical/display value of parchment objects resulting from increased curling is agreed. Historical parchment documents generally demonstrating considerable curling engendered by uncontrolled storage conditions in the past are not vulnerable to further distortion when subjected to variations in RH even of considerable magnitude.
Purpose: The purpose is to assess the level and quality of e-communication of Szczecin’s entities providing hospital care and to compare the results in order to determine the differences and to indicate the changes occurring over time. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis covered the contents of the websites of all hospitals in Szczecin in 2014 and 2018. The desk research was carried out in the form of expert method done on the basis of the assessment criteria important from the patient’s point of view, treating the hospital’s website as a communication channel. These included identification issues, legibility, usefulness of information, forms of contact and modern e-communication. Findings: The level of communication differs a lot. It is slightly higher than in the past, but given the real needs in this respect, is not satisfactory. The best evaluation results concern the issue of identification of the entity. The situation is bad as regards the possibility of communication and the use of modern forms of e-communication. Only some of the hospitals have developed in the field of e-communication with the patient in a noticeable way, the rest have achieved little compared to the previous research period. Research limitations/implications: The study only focused on hospitals in the city of Szczecin. To get a complete picture, the analysis should cover the content of other hospitals’ websites from various localisations – bigger and smaller, more and less known. In order to understand the situation in the whole healthcare sector, it would be worth looking at other medical service providers. Originality/value: The conducted research shows how poorly developed are modern communication tools in hospitals, at the same time indicating the development directions in this area. The defined criteria can be applied to the study of websites of various providers on the healthcare market.
W artykule przedstawiono ewolucję pojęcia marketingu. Omówiono czynniki zmian marketingu, takie jak: boom technologiczny i informatyczny, proces globalizacji, zmieniające się postawy klientów, zmiany w gospodarce światowej, trendy proekologiczne. Zwrócono uwagę na związki z klientami.
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