Awareness of healthy lifestyle behaviour is not sufficient to maintain optimal body mass. Knowledge about proper eating habits is better among girls than among boys, especially in the older age groups. However, in older groups, there was less physical activity due to spending more time in front of TV or the computer. High percentage of obese/overweight children and insufficient knowledge of nutrition may consequently result in increased risk of cardio-vascular diseases in adult population.

All over the world, a large proportion of the population consume insects as part of their diet. In Western countries, however, the consumption of insects is perceived as a negative phenomenon. The consumption of insects worldwide can be considered in two ways: on the one hand, as a source of protein in countries affected by hunger, while, on the other, as an alternative protein in highly-developed regions, in response to the need for implementing policies of sustainable development. This review focused on both the regulations concerning the production and marketing of insects in Europe and the characteristics of edible insects that are most likely to establish a presence on the European market. The paper indicates numerous advantages of the consumption of insects, not only as a valuable source of protein but also as a raw material rich in valuable fatty acids, vitamins, and mineral salts. Attention was paid to the functional properties of proteins derived from insects, and to the possibility for using them in the production of functional food. The study also addresses the hazards which undoubtedly contribute to the mistrust and lowered acceptance of European consumers and points to the potential gaps in the knowledge concerning the breeding conditions, raw material processing and health safety. This set of analyzed data allows us to look optimistically at the possibilities for the development of edible insect-based foods, particularly in Europe.

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BIA and CPET in obesity treatment prediction 225 despite widespread prophylactic efforts and public health campaigns, the number of obese patients is increasing dramatically. 2 On the other hand, the number of medicines available is limited, and surgical methods are most effective in the treatment of morbid obesity and severe obesity with 1 or more significant comorbid conditions when less invasive methods of weight loss have failed and the patient is at risk for obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. The classic assessment INTRODUCTION The number of patients with obesity is increasing worldwide. 1,2 It had tripled between 1975 and 2016, affecting more than 650 million adults (13%) in 2016, and 41 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. 1,2 Obesity decreases the lifespan and is related to multiple coexisting diseases. 3-7 Current treatment methods include education, lifestyle modification, dietary treatment, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. 8 Unfortunately,

Wprowadzenie. Starzenie się jest zjawiskiem nieodwracalnym, pewnym etapem życia. Jednak jego przebieg determinowany jest sumą czynników wpływających na organizm przez cały okres życia. Demograficzny proces starzenia się społeczeństwa powoduje potrzebę wprowadzenia projektów geriatrycznych i nowych metod aktywizacji seniorów. Jednym z istotniejszych elementów dobrego stanu zdrowia jest codzienna systematyczna aktywność fizyczna. Cel pracy. Celem pracy było poznanie wpływu aktywności fizycznej na jakość życia seniorów po 80. roku życia. Materiał i metody. W niniejszej pracy wykorzystano badania ankietowe, prowadzone na terenie województwa pomorskiego w latach 2012-2013 w okresie wiosenno-letnim. Narzędziem był skrócony Międzynarodowy Kwestionariusz Aktywności Fizycznej (IPAQ) w wersji dostosowanej do badania osób starszych. Poziom aktywności fizycznej ustalono na podstawie szczegółowej analizy wyników otrzymanych w trzech obszarach aktywności fizycznej. Przeprowadzono również badania ankietowe składające się z pięciu pytań, określających poziom jakości życia. W badaniu udział wzięło 198 respondentów powyżej 80. roku życia -105 kobiet i 93 mężczyzn. Wyniki i wnioski. Analiza statystyczna obejmowała wykonanie statystyk opisowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań uzyskano wysokie średnie wartości tygodniowego wydatku energetycznego MET. Najwięcej ankietowanych zakwalifikowało się do grupy o umiarkowanym wysiłku fizycznym (MET 1800-2300). Do oceny wpływu aktywności fizycznej na jakość życia wykorzystano współczynniki korelacji Pearsona. Obliczone współczynniki korelacji świadczyły o dużej sile związku między badanymi cechami. Aktywność fizyczna oraz możliwość wykonywania wielu czynności odgrywa kluczową rolę w ocenie poziomu jakości życia.

INTRODUCTION The obesity pandemic requires development of methods that could be used on a large scale, such as the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Gene expression may explain CPET results on the molecular level. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare gene expression in obesity, depending on CPET results. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 9 obese patients and 7 controls. The treatment encompassed diet, rehabilitation, and behavioral therapy. Diet was based on the body composition analyzed by bioelectrical impedance, resting metabolic rate, and subjective patient preferences. The rehabilitation depended on the CPET results: maximal oxygen uptake and fatty acid metabolism. Behavioral intervention focused on the diagnosis of health problems leading to obesity, lifestyle modification, training in self‑assessment, and development of healthy habits. The intensive treatment lasted for 12 weeks and consisted of consultations with a physician, dietitian, and medical rehabilitation specialist. RNA was isolated from the whole blood. A total of 47 323 transcripts were analyzed, of which 32 379 entities were confirmed to have high quality of RNA. RESULTS We observed differences in gene expression related to the CPET results indicating abnormalities in fat oxidation and maximal oxygen uptake. The genes with major differences in expression were: CLEC12A, HLA‑DRB1, HLA‑DRB4, HLA‑A29.1, IFIT1, and LOC100133662. CONCLUSIONS The differences in gene expression may account for the outcomes of treatment related to inflammation caused by obesity, which affects the muscles, fat tissue, and fatty acid metabolism.

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