Socio-natural disasters remain underexplored events in economic history, even though they stress societies in several ways and are known for their relationship with institutional change. In this paper, we explore this issue showing that major earthquakes in Chile have become a window of opportunity for important fiscal reforms. Our findings indicate that there are two mechanisms to explain this relationship: first, reconstruction demands greater state expenditure and intervention; and second, the emergence of narratives that justify these reforms, such as patriotism and solidarity. However, data show that in the case of Chile, changes following disasters have had little impact on the overall tax structure of the country, and the historical preference for indirect taxes has been maintained, with limited power to impose taxes on high-income groups.
Socioeconomic factors are heavily shaping the COVID‐19 pandemic in South America. Consequently, societies are now facing the stark effects of lockdown, while largely failing to stop the epidemic. In Chile, this has been amplified by decision‐makers who have overlooked critical socio‐spatial aspects of the epidemic. Precarious living conditions, together with spatial segregation and unstable domestic economies, help explain why mitigation strategies remain unsuccessful. The article also explores how political frameworks for approaching these issues may change because of the pandemic.
This article describes the history of Chile's national museums, focusing in particular on their exhibition of indigenous cultures. Three museums are considered: the National Museum of Natural History (originally the National Museum); the National Museum of Fine Arts; and the National Museum of History. Using museum catalogues, visitor's guides and bulletins as sources, this research traces the role given to indigenousness in the museums' exhibitions through time. Initially, the 'Indian' was presented as either part of the territory conquered by Chileans, or as not part of Chilean culture at all. By the twentieth century, however, a new narrative emerged which recognizes the indigenous people as the 'pre-historic' inhabitants of Chile. Most recently, a more complex narrative presents Chile as a blending of races and cultures. Overall, we see that today each museum continues to see nationhood as something that is monolithic, allowing little place for indigenous people beyond mestizaje (blending of 'races').
BackgroundAdalimumab is a monoclonal antibody indicated in immunomediate inflammatory diseases for subcutaneous administration by two different devices: pre-filled syringe and auto-injection pen.PurposeTo assess injection-site pain, the ease of use and patient preference between two delivery systems of adalimumab.Material and methodsPatients were enrolled in an open-label, single-arm, sequential trial from March 2017 to September 2017.Inclusion criteriaAt least 6 months from the beginning of treatment with adalimumab pre–filled syringe and self–administration.Informed consent had to be signed (Ethics committee approval: EC1061; Protocol Number: ADAP2017).Two visits separated by an interval of 2 months were performed.Patients were informed about the change of device from pre-filled syringe to pen in Visit 1.To evaluate the ease of use, a validated questionnaire was performed. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions about device design, inconvenients of self-administration, long injection time, handling and technique of administration (Likert-type scale: 1=very strongly disagree; 7=very strongly agree). Answers≥5 were considered acceptable (Visit 1: Syringe; Visit 2: Pen).Patients rated their pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0=none, 10=the worst pain) (Visit 1: Syringe; Visit 2: Pen).Preference between devices was evaluated in Visit 2 by a single question with three possible answers (Pen/Syringe/Indifferent).Sex, birth date, diagnosis and duration of treatment were recorded. STATA® was used for statistical analysis.ResultsTwenty-seven patients were analysed:Males (67.7%).Median age: 43 years (18–73).Diagnoses: psoriasis (33.3%); spondylitis (22.2%); Crohn’s disease (40.8%); psoriatic arthritis (3.7%).Median treatment duration: 2.9 years (0.5–8.7).A reduction in injection-site pain was observed after changing the device from pre-filled syringe to pen (Mean difference: −3.04 (CI 95%–4.21 to −1.86; p<0.001).Ease of use (% acceptable answers):Device design: Syringe: 81.5%; Pen: 100%.Any inconvenience during self–administration: Syringe: 40.7%; Pen: 14.8%.Long injection time: Syringe: 29.6%; Pen: 14.8%.Ease handling: Syringe: 63.0%; Pen: 85.2%.Ease technique of administration: Syringe: 77.8%; Pen: 96.3%.Patient preferences:Pen: 81.5% (22/27).Syringe: 7.4% (2/27).Indifferent: 11.1% (3/27).ConclusionAuto-injection pen has proved superior to pre-filled syringe in injection-site pain, the ease of use and patient preference.Limitations: the pen does not contain citrate, a pain-related excipient.No conflict of interest
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.