The aim of the current study was to explore differences in passion for achievement, grit, and mindset across age and gender, by using a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 1548 participants including 931 females and 617 males aged from 13 to 77 years (Mage 26.53 years, SD = 11.77). The eight-item Passion for Achievement Scale was used to assess general passion and the Grit-S scale was used to assess grit. Mindset was assessed using the eight-item Theories of Intelligence Scale (TIS). The results indicated significant differences between the three factors related to age, age groups, and gender. For the total sample, there was a significant gender difference in passion, where males score higher, and growth mindset, where females score higher. With age, passion decreases until the age of 50–59, and slightly increases for the remaining age groups. After a decrease in grit between the first (13–19 years) and the second (20–29 years) age group, grit increases with age. Mindset scores decline strongly after the age of 40–49. Generally, the patterns show that mindset and passion decrease across the life-span, while grit increases. Indeed, these attributes seems to be different from each other, and how they change varies across age groups.
In this article, we report the development and validation of a new measure for flow proneness. The General Flow Proneness Scale is a quantitative measure which is simple to administer, and is context independent. Test-retest reliability was tested on 23 adults, 1 week apart. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCs) between the test and retest scores was .956. The General Flow Proneness Scale was further tested on 228 participants between 18 and 76 years of age (mean age = 34.66, SD = 14.75), which allowed for the exploration of applicability, internal consistency, and construct validity. The overall results indicate that the scale is applicable for the age studied (18–76). All individual item scores showed a positive correlation with the total score, and ranged between .20 and .67. The Cronbach’s alpha value was .78 for the standardized items. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the total score of the General Flow Proneness Scale and the total score of the Swedish Flow Proneness Questionnaire including all domains was r = .573 ( p < .001); for the student group r = .645 ( p < .001); for the professionally active group r = .475 ( p < .001). These promising results warrant further development of the General Flow Proneness scale, including normalization based on a larger, representative sample.
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