Agricultural researches center 3 Department of plant protection and molecular diagnosis, Arid lands cultivation researches institute, City of scientific research and technological applications.
The present study was carried out in Matrouh Governorate during two successive years (February, 2017-February, 2019 to investigate the population density, population age structure, number of generations, seasonal variation and effect of three weather factors (temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) on olive black scale, S. oleae infesting olive trees under irrigation system. Results concerning the fortnightly variations of the total monthly counted individuals of S. oleae /5 trees throughout the period of study revealed the presence of six variation periods in two successive years, three in spring months and three in summer months. Considering the population age structure, the immature stage was 83.3 % in 15 th February, , decreased to the minimum of 54.4% of total count in 15 th September, then the population was increased to constitute a large ratio during autumn and winter months in the first and second growing seasons. The adult females population started with 11.5 % of the total counted individuals in the first season, increased or/and decreased in the next months to reach the maximum of 23.3% in 1 st September, then decreased in autumn and winter months. In the second season, the population took the same trend with slight difference in numbers. The gravid female population was more or less higher in March to July in both two growing seasons. The black olive scale has two generations/year according to the immature stage appearance. The first peak of immature stage individuals was recoded in June and the second in August. The seasonal variations in population densities can be ascendingly arranged as, winter, autumn, spring and summer months. The assessed simple correlation values of three weather factors (daily mean temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) with total count of S. oleae individuals were calculated. Temperature was found to have a positive significant effect on the population, while the relative humidity had an insignificant effect. Wind speed had a positive effect on population density of the olive black scale, (S. oleae).
To confront global demand to reduce the use of pesticides and its risk, this study tested the effectiveness of okra and corn as banker plants with Trichogramma evanescens release as a green innovation technology for the sustainable management of cotton bollworms in comparison to conventional chemical pesticides and the release of T. evanescens alone (control). We found that okra and corn with T. evanescens release were more effective in decreasing the incidence of cotton bollworms than the conventional chemical pesticides or T. evanescens alone. We also found that okra and corn encouraged the spread of bollworm natural enemies in the treated cotton fields, which had a large impact on the number of cotton bollworm larvae, thus reducing the need for conventional pesticides. Thus, banker plants combined with T. evanescens release can support agrobiodiversity and help realize the Sustainable integrated management strategies of the cotton bollworm by reducing the use of conventional chemical pesticides, encouraging the natural enemies. Thus, contributing to global warming reduction which caused by the overuse of conventional chemical pesticides.
To reduce global warming caused by the overuse of conventional chemical pesticides used for pest management, this study tested the effectiveness of okra and corn as banker plants with Trichogramma evanescens release for the sustainable management of cotton bollworms in comparison to conventional chemical pesticides and the release of T. evanescens alone (control). We found that okra and corn with T. evanescens release were more effective in decreasing the incidence of cotton bollworms than the conventional chemical pesticides or T. evanescens alone. We also found that okra and corn encouraged the spread of bollworm natural enemies in the treated cotton fields, which had a large impact on the number of cotton bollworm larvae, thus reducing the need for conventional pesticides. Thus, banker plants combined with T. evanescens release can support agrobiodiversity and help realize the integrated management of the cotton bollworm by reducing the use of conventional chemical pesticides and contributing to global warming reduction.
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