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Abstract The current study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of patients with substance use disorders. Three diagnosed patients with substance use disorders were recruited —i.e. 305.20 (F12.10) cannabis used disorder, 291.81 (FI0.239) alcohol withdrawal disorder and 292.0 (F11.23) opioid withdrawal disorder, respectively. The patients were detoxified and individual treatment plan was formulated on the basis of CBT. The CBT therapeutic outcomes were evaluated on the basis of pre- and post-assessment scores. Results indicate that CBT worked effectively in one-on-one session. CBT effectively worked to manage patients’ anger, craving, stress, sleep hygiene and assertive behaviour. It is concluded that CBT is an effective approach to deal with patients’ anger, stress, craving, sleep and assertive behaviour. Keywords: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; Canabis Used Disorder; Alcohol Withdrwal Disorder; Opioid Withdrawal Disorder. Continuous....

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the role of religiosity, optimism, depression, death anxiety and differences in demographic characteristics among cancer patients. Methodology: The current study was completed in 12 months period from July 2018 to July 2019 in three different hospitals of Lahore and Faisalabad. After getting approval from the Institutional Review Board, a sample of N= 400 participants were collected. Only diagnosed patients of cancer with stage 1 and 2 were taken. In study t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to investigate the findings. Results: Findings indicate a significant difference between cancer and non-cancer patients on the variables of religiosity, optimism, depression, and death anxiety. Significant gender differences were found on the variables of religiosity, depression and death anxiety and the insignificant difference was found on the construct of optimism among cancer patients. Moreover, cancer patients of rural and urban areas were found significantly different on the variables of religiosity, depression and death anxiety and the insignificant difference was found on optimism scale. Besides, there were found significant differences in death anxiety scale among cancer patients with a different type of cancer. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is a greater role of religiosity and optimism in controlling the level of depression and fear of death among cancer patients. Also, there is a meaningful role of gender, residential area, and types of cancer. Keywords: Religiosity; Optimism; Depression; Death Anxiety; Gender; Rural-Urban; Continuous....

Objectives: To explore the effectiveness of motivational interviewing, motivational enhancement therapy, and cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with substance use disorders, and to estimate the effect of such comparison in patient care setting. Method: The systematic review was conducted from September 2021 to February 2022, and comprised search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Clinical Trials.gov and OvidSP databases for experimental studies and randomised controlled trials related to substance use disorders published in peer-reviewed English-language journals between 2001 and 2021. Quality of the studies was assessed using the Modified Cochrane Collaboration risk of the bias assessment criteria. Results: Of the 314 studies initially identified, 41(13%) were subjected to full-text assessment, and, of them, 16(39%) were reviewed and analysed. There were 8(50%) studies done is the United States, 4(25%) in the United Kingdom, and 1(6.25%) each in Germany, Australia, South Korea and South Africa. All the 16(100%) studies were intervention-based, with 6(37.5%) being randomised controlled trials. There were 8(50%) studies using motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy, 5(31.25%) had significant results with a combination of motivational enhancement therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy, 3(18.75%) supported motivational enhancement therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy in combination, and 2(12.5%) studies combined motivational interviewing, motivational enhancement therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy, reporting significant results while simultaneously addressing multiple patient variables. Conclusion: All studies were heterogeneous. Motivational interviewing produced short-term treatment outcomes and played a supportive role in sustaining motivation. ---Continue

Background: Major depressive disorders (MDD) is common worldwide, and it causes significant functional impairment. Evidence-based therapies significantly address MDD symptoms severity; therefore, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy (PTh), cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), and Islam-based interventions (IBIs) to treat symptoms severity of patients MDD-m. Methods: This RCT was conducted by the Department of Applied Psychology, Government College University Faisalabad, from December 20, 2020, to October 31, 2021, at different hospitals in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Patients with MDD-m were allocated to three different evidence-based treatment approaches (i.e. PTh, CBT, & IBIs). Patients Health Questionnaire; Positive & Negative Affect Scale, Digit Span Scale, Standard Progressive Matrices, Self-Esteem Scale and Decision-Making Questionnaire were administered. SPSS version 27 was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 210 were approached, 159 were assessed for eligibility, and 118 met the inclusion criteria, including males 66(55.94%) and females 52(44.06%) with the age range of 22 to 46 years. Findings reported all the treatment interventions produced significant treatment outcomes to reduce the depressive symptoms and improve memory, reasoning ability, decision-making skills, self-esteem, and wellbeing. PTh was an effective supportive intervention, while CBT and IBIs played an effective role as reeducative constructive therapies. Conclusion: All three interventions seem to be effective for major depressive disorder with mild severity, and CBT and IBIs emerged as more efficient and constructive therapies for MDD-m.

Objective Diabetes distress typically causes depressive symptoms; common comorbidity of diabetes unpleasantly affects patients’ medical and psychological functions. Psychotherapeutic interventions are effective treatments to treat depressive symptoms and to improve the quality of life in many chronic diseases including diabetes. The present study investigated the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to treat depressive symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using experimental and waitlist control conditions. Materials and Methods A total of 130 diagnosed patients with T2DM were taken from outdoor patients services of different hospitals in Faisalabad. Ninety patients met the eligibility criteria and were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 45) and waitlist control (n = 45) conditions. All the patients completed clinical interviews and assessment measures at pre-and post-assessment stages (16 weeks intervals). Medical consultants at the respective hospitals diagnosed the patients on the base of their medical reports and then referred those patients to us. Then we used different scales to assess primary and secondary outcomes: Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to assess primary outcomes, and a Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI), a Revised Version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (DQLQ), and a General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) were used to investigate secondary outcomes. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the results. Results The findings indicated that patients who received CBT got a significant reduction in their diabetes distress F(1,60) = 222.710, P < 0.001, η2 = .788), depressive symptoms F(1,60) = 94.436, P < 0.001, η2 = .611), health anxiety F(1,60) = 201.915, P < .0.001, η2 = 771), and a significant improvement in their quality of life F(1,60) = 83.352, P < 0.001, η2 = .581), treatment adherence F(1,60) = 67.579, P < 0.001, η2 = .566) and physical activity schedule F(1,60) = 164.245, P < .0.001, η2 = .736 as compared to the patients in waitlist control condition. Conclusion It is concluded that cognitive behavior therapy is an effective and promising intervention for depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, and health anxiety which also helps the person to promote quality of life, treatment adherence and physical activity.

Objective Individuals living with HIV/AIDs are at a high risk of many problems like depression, stigma, quality of life, decreased adherence to treatment, and lack of social support. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of brief-cognitive behavior therapy (B-CBT) on reducing depression and stigma and improving treatment adherence, quality of life, and social support among patients with HIV/AIDS attending antiretroviral therapy (ART). Materials and methods This randomized clinical trial was conducted at ART Clinic in the Tehsil Headquarters Hospital Shahkot Nankana Sahib from July 2021 to October 2021. After baseline screening, 126 patients met the eligibility criteria and 63 were allocated to the experimental group (EXPg = 63) and 63 to waitlist-control group (WLCg = 63). Participants’ age range was from 20 to 55 years. Participants who were taking ART treatment were enrolled for the CBT treatment. Before this, all the participants completed a baseline assessment to ensure a level of severity and diagnosis. A total of eight CBT based therapeutic sessions were conducted individually with EXPg. To assess the outcomes among patients receiving ART, we used Demographic form, Patient health questionnaire, HIV stigma scale, General medication adherence scale, Multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and WHOQOL BREF scale. Results Findings suggest that B-CBT significantly reduced the level of depression (i.e. F (1, 78) = 101.38, p < .000, η2 = .599), and social stigma (i.e. F (1, 78) = 208.47, p < .000, η2 = .787) among patients with HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, CBT substantially improved the level of adherence to treatment (i.e. F(1,78) = 24.75, p < .000, η2 = .503), social support (i.e. F (1, 78) = 128.33, p < .000, η2 = .606), and quality of life (i.e. F (1, 78) = 373.39, p < .000, η2 = .837) among patients with HIV/AIDS. Significant mean difference M(SD) on PHQ at post-analysis in the EXPg vs. WLCg was seen 1.22(0.47) vs. 2.30(0.68) and similarly, on MPSS at a post-analysis in the EXPg vs. WLCg 2.85(0.36) vs. 1.70(0.51) which indicates sound therapeutic outcomes. Conclusions Cognitive behavioral therapy effectively decreases the level of depression and stigma and enhances the level of social support, quality of life, and adherence to treatment among HIV/AIDS patients. It is concluded that cognitive behavior therapy is an effective treatment approach for patients with HIV/AIDS. Trial registration Thai clinical trial registry (i.e. TCTR = TCTR20210702002).

Objective: Individuals living with HIV/AIDs are at high risk of mental health problems, particularly depression, stigma, quality of life, adherence to treatment, and lack of social support. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of brief-cognitive behavior therapy (B-CBT) on reducing depression and stigma and improving treatment adherence, quality of life, and social support among patients with HIV/AIDS attending antiretroviral therapy (ART). Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted at ART Clinic in the Tehsil Headquarters Hospital Shahkot Nankana Sahib from July 2021 to October 2021. After baseline screening, 126 patients met the eligibility criteria and were allocated to the experimental group (EXPg=63) and waitlist-control group (WLCg=63). Participants’ age range was 20 to 55 years. Participants attending ART treatment were enrolled for the CBT treatment. Before this, all the participants completed a baseline assessment to ensure a level of severity and diagnosis. A total of eight therapeutic sessions based on CBT were conducted individually with EXPg. To assess the outcomes among patients receiving ART, we used the i.e., Demographic form, Patient health questionnaire, HIV stigma scale, General medication adherence scale, Multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and WHOQOL BREF scale. Results: Findings reported B-CBT significantly reduced the level of depression (i.e. F (1, 78) = 101.38, p<.000, η2= .599), and social stigma (i.e. F (1, 78) = 208.47, p<.000, η2= .787) among patients with HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, CBT substantially improved the level of adherence to treatment (i.e. F(1,78)= 24.75, p<.000, η2= .503), social support (i.e. F (1, 78) = 128.33, p<.000, η2= .606), and quality of life (i.e. F (1, 78) = 373.39, p<.000, η2= .837) among patients with HIV/AIDS. Significant mean difference M(SD) on PHQ at post-analysis in the EXPg vs. WLC was seen 1.22(0.47) vs. 2.30(0.68) and similarly, on MPSS at a post-analysis in the EXPg vs. WLC 2.85(0.36) vs. 1.70(0.51) which indicates sound therapeutic outcomes. Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral therapy effectively decreases the level of depression and stigma and enhances the level of social support, quality of life, and adherence to treatment among HIV/AIDS patients. It is concluded that cognitive behavior therapy is an effective treatment approach for patients with HIV/AIDS. Trial Registration: Thai clinical trial registry (i.e. TCTR= TCTR20210702002, with URL: https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20210702002).