Aims/hypothesis Dietary recommendations for treating type 2 diabetes are unclear but a trend towards recommending a diet reduced in carbohydrate content is acknowledged. We compared a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet with an isoenergetic conventional diabetes (CD) diet to elucidate the effects on glycaemic control and selected cardiovascular risk markers during 6 weeks of full food provision of each diet. Methods The primary outcome of the study was change in HbA 1c. Secondary outcomes reported in the present paper include glycaemic variables, ectopic fat content and 24 h blood pressure. Eligibility criteria were: men and women with type 2 diabetes, HbA 1c 48-97 mmol/mol (6.5-11%), age >18 years, haemoglobin >6/>7 mmol/l (women/men) and eGFR >30 ml min −1 (1.73 m) −2. Participants were randomised by drawing blinded ballots to 6 + 6 weeks of an iso-energetic CRHP vs CD diet in an open label, crossover design aiming at body weight stability. The CRHP/CD diets contained carbohydrate 30/50 energy per cent (E%), protein 30/17E% and fat 40/33E%, respectively. Participants underwent a meal test at the end of each diet period and glycaemic variables, lipid profiles, 24 h blood pressure and ectopic fat including liver and pancreatic fat content were assessed at baseline and at the end of each diet period.
Aims/hypothesis Lifestyle modification and weight loss are cornerstones of type 2 diabetes management. However, carbohydrate restriction may have weight-independent beneficial effects on glycaemic control. This has been difficult to demonstrate because low-carbohydrate diets readily decrease body weight. We hypothesised that carbohydrate restriction enhances the beneficial metabolic effects of weight loss in type 2 diabetes. Methods This open-label, parallel RCT included adults with type 2 diabetes, HbA 1c 48-97 mmol/mol (6.5-11%), BMI >25 kg/m 2 , eGFR >30 ml min −1 [1.73 m] −2 and glucose-lowering therapy restricted to metformin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Participants were randomised by a third party and assigned to 6 weeks of energy restriction (all foods were provided) aiming at ~6% weight loss with either a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet (CRHP, percentage of total energy intake [E%]: CH30/P30/F40) or a conventional diabetes diet (CD, E%: CH50/P17/F33). Fasting blood samples, continuous glucose monitoring and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to assess glycaemic control, lipid metabolism and intrahepatic fat. Change in HbA 1c was the primary outcome; changes in circulating and intrahepatic triacylglycerol were secondary outcomes. Data were collected at Copenhagen University Hospital (Bispebjerg and Herlev). Results Seventy-two adults (CD 36, CRHP 36, all white, 38 male sex) with type 2 diabetes (mean duration 8 years, mean HbA 1c 57 mmol/mol [7.4%]) and mean BMI of 33 kg/m 2 were enrolled, of which 67 (CD 33, CRHP 34) completed the study. Body weight decreased by 5.8 kg (5.9%) in both groups after 6 weeks. Compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet further reduced HbA 1c (mean [95% CI] −1.9 [−3.5, −0.3] mmol/mol [−0.18 (−0.32, −0.03)%], p = 0.018) and diurnal mean glucose (mean [95% CI] −0.8 [−1.2, −0.4] mmol/l, p < 0.001), stabilised glucose excursions by reducing Steen B. Haugaard and Thure Krarup share senior authorship.
Background & Aims Dietary carbohydrate-restriction may improve the phenotype of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. We aimed to investigate 6 weeks of carbohydrate-restriction on postprandial glucose metabolism, pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell function, gut hormone secretion, and satiety in T2D patients. Methods In a cross-over design, 28 T2D patients (mean: HbA1c 60 mmol/mol) were randomized to 6 weeks of carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet and 6 weeks of conventional diabetes (CD) diet (energy-percentage carbohydrate/protein/fat: 30/30/40 versus 50/17/33). Twenty-four-hour continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and mixed meal tests were undertaken and fasting intact proinsulin (IP), 32,33 split proinsulin concentrations (SP), and postprandial insulin secretion rates (ISR), insulinogenic index (IGI), beta-cell sensitivity to glucose (Bup), glucagon and gut hormones were measured. Gastric emptying was evaluated by postprandial paracetamol concentrations and satiety by visual analogue scale ratings. Results A CRHP diet reduced: postprandial glucose area under curve (net AUC) by 60% (p<0.001), 24h glucose by 13% (p<0.001), fasting IP and SP concentrations (both absolute and relative to C-peptide, p<0.05), and postprandial ISR (24%, p=0.015), while IGI and Bup improved by 31% and 45% (both p<0.001). The CRHP diet increased postprandial glucagon net AUC by 235% (p<0.001), subjective satiety by 18% (p=0.03), delayed gastric emptying by 15 minutes (p<0.001), decreased gastric inhibitory polypeptide net AUC by 29% (p<0.001), but had no significant effect on glucagon-like-peptide-1, total peptide YY and cholecystokinin responses. Conclusions A CRHP diet reduced glucose excursions and improved beta-cell function, including proinsulin processing, and increased subjective satiety in patients with T2D.
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