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Previous reviews have indicated that immigration from South Asian to Western countries leads to unhealthy changes in diet; however, these reviews have been limited by the methods used in some included studies. This critical narrative review summarizes findings from original research articles that performed appropriate statistical analyses on diet data obtained using culturally appropriate diet assessment measures. All studies quantitatively compared the diets of South Asian immigrants with those of residents of Western or South Asian countries or with those of South Asian immigrants who had varying periods of time since immigration. Most studies examined total energy and nutrient intake among adults. Total energy intake tended to decrease with increasing duration of residence and immigrant generation, and immigrants consumed less protein and monounsaturated fat compared with Westerners. However, findings for intakes of carbohydrate, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and micronutrients were mixed. Studies that examine food group intake and include South Asians living in South Asia as a comparison population are needed.

Objective To describe snacking characteristics and patterns in children and examine associations with diet quality and BMI. Design Children’s weight and height were measured. Participants/adult proxies completed multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. Snack occasions were self-identified. Snack patterns were derived for each sample using exploratory factor analysis. Associations of snacking characteristics and patterns with Health Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) score and body mass index (BMI) were examined using multivariable linear regression models. Setting Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium, United States: NET-Works, GROW, GOALS, and IMPACT studies. Subjects Predominantly low-income, racial/ethnic minorities: NET-Works (n 534 2–4-year-olds); GROW (n 610 3–5-year-olds); GOALS (n 241 7–11-year-olds); and IMPACT (n 360 10–13-year-olds). Results Two snack patterns were derived for three studies, a meal-like pattern and beverage pattern. The IMPACT study had a similar meal-like pattern and a dairy/grains pattern. A positive association was observed between meal-like pattern adherence and HEI-2010 score (p-for-trend<0.01) and snack occasion frequency and HEI-2010 score (β-coefficient [95% CI]: NET-Works: 0.14 [0.04, 0.23], GROW: 0.12 [0.02, 0.21]) among younger children. A preference for snacking while using a screen was inversely associated with HEI-2010 score in all studies except IMPACT (β-coefficient [95% CI]: NET-Works: −3.15 [−5.37, −0.92], GROW: −2.44 [−4.27, −0.61], GOALS: −5.80 [−8.74, −2.86]). Associations with BMI were almost all null. Conclusions Meal-like and beverage patterns described most children’s snack intake, though patterns for non-Hispanic Blacks or adolescents may differ. Diets of 2–5-year-olds may benefit from frequent meal-like pattern snack consumption, and diets of all children may benefit from decreasing screen use during eating occasions.

Background Hispanic/Latino youth are disproportionately burdened by obesity and have a high prevalence of prediabetes and dyslipidemia. Differences in parent and child acculturation related to language use and preference (i.e., language acculturation) are associated with adverse cardiometabolic health behaviors, but no study has examined associations with cardiometabolic markers. Purpose To determine whether discordance in parent–child language acculturation (parent–child acculturation gap) was associated with poor youth cardiometabolic health. Methods Hispanic/Latino 8–16-year-olds (n = 1,466) and parents from the Hispanic Community Children’s Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth) were examined. Mean scores for the Brief ARSMA-II’s Anglo (AOS) and Latino (LOS) Orientation Scales represented language acculturation. Cardiometabolic markers included youth body mass index (BMI) percentile, blood pressure percentiles, and dysglycemia and hyperlipidemia measures. Missing data were imputed. Survey-weighted multivariable linear regression examined the association of youth, parent, and youth × parent (the acculturation gap) AOS and LOS scores separately with each cardiometabolic marker. Results Youth reported greater English and lower Spanish use than parents. Greater discordance in AOS scores was associated with elevated BMI percentile only (p-for-interaction &lt; .01). The LOS acculturation gap was not associated with any outcome. Adjustment for acculturative stress, family functioning and closeness, parenting style, and youth’s diet and physical activity did not alter findings. Removal of nonsignificant acculturation gaps did not indicate an association between individual youth or parent AOS or LOS scores and any cardiometabolic marker. Conclusions Discordance in Hispanic/Latino parent–child dyads’ English use may relate to increased risk for childhood obesity. Future studies should identify mediators of this association.