for their invaluable feedback and generous engagement as I wrote this essay. All translations are mine unless otherwise noted. Some names have been changed. 1. The terms pakka and kaccha are used widely in Pakistan; in the Tribal Areas, they can also take on the implication of "legitimate" paths with checkpoints versus "illegitimate" paths without checkpoints, or going off-road. Writes Michael Herr (1991 [1968]: 14): "The ground was always in play, always being swept."
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