The purpose of the study is to find the consumer purchase intention toward counterfeit mobile phone. Why customers preferred the counterfeit mobile phone. Different companies try to fulfill the demand of the customer but due to the some factors the demand of the counterfeit mobile phone increase time to time. Data was collected from 150 peoples through ISSN 2161-7104 2014 www.macrothink.org/jpag 76 questioners. We performed factor analysis and structural model to test the measurement and structural models. Journal of Public Administration and GovernanceThe finding indicated that, price, previous experience and social influence and attitude are the factors those positively affects consumer purchase intention towards purchasing counterfeit mobile phone. Limitation of this study is that the respondents were more qualified than population. Through this research, the genuine mobile phone producers can enhance their target consumer toward their own products by focusing those all variables that influence consumer purchasing behavior towards counterfeit mobile phone. In this paper the study was focused on a single phenomena of counterfeiting, CMP. In a country where people use cell phones more than others third world countries.
Background; Despite a large number of revolutionized advancements in Imaging technology clinicians are unable to get hundred percent accurate results. Multiple limitations have been observed in Imaging modalities. Multiple published trials are available online on the evaluations of these imaging modalities individually and in combinations to find out the level of accuracy of these technologies. Objective; This study was design to compare the diagnostic accuracy of MR Spectroscopy with MRI which is a conventional diagnostic tool for brain tumor diagnosis while keeping the Histopathology evaluation as Gold Standard. Methodology; The patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in study. All scans were carried out on GE 1.5 Tesla MR Scanner using head coil. Axial T1W, T2W, Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), Sagittal T2W, Coronal Fluid Attenuation. Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) and T1W post- contrast Axial, Coronal and Sagittal images were acquired. MR spectroscopy was performed through single voxel technique. Final diagnosis was made on histopathology results. The reports of biopsy were co related with radiological diagnosis of MRI and MRS. Results; The study was conducted with 150 suspected cases. There were 85(56.7%) males and 65(43.3%) females. Histopathology 100(66.7%) cases were confirmed positive and 50(33.3%) negative.
Background: The diabetes mellitus is an old known disease and closely related to the renal impairment as a cause. The exact duration for any damage to renal functions is not known but early detection of any such happening is a requirement. Many measures explain the renal damage, proteinuria is one among them. Still it appears after some damage is done. Aim: To measure the RRI for renal arteries and find frequency of diabetic nephropathy among type II diabetic patients with normal albuminuria. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study performed at Shaikh Zayed hospital Lahore, in collaboration of Diabetes Clinic and Radiology Department during January 2020 to January 2021. Here 300 diabetic patients of type 2, with normal albumin creatinine ratio were selected. Both genders with age above 18 years with albuminuria below 30 mg/g and no known diabetic nephropathy were included. Pregnant women, patients with GFR <60ml/min/1.73m2 and those having any history of renal stones and known CKD patients were excluded. Results: One hundred and seventy seven (59.0%) were males, only 38(12.7%) were above 60 years age, 37(12.3%) were obese and 180(60.0%) had duration of diabetes ≤5 years. There were 60(20.0%) smokers, 106(35.3%) had hypertension and 5.0% had fatty liver of grade III. On ultrasound 75(25.0%) cases had both kidneys with irregular contour while 44(14.7%) had raised Parenchymal & sinus echoes in both kidneys. On RRI, 23.3% of the cases were diagnosed to have diabetic nephropathy with max(RRI) >0.70. Conclusion: Renal resistive indexcan diagnose diabetic nephropathy at early stage. Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy, Renal resistivity index, Type II diabetes mellitus, Normal albuminuria
Objective: To determine the frequency of carotid plaques on Doppler USG and associated presenting symptoms at Tertiary Care Centre, Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 366 individuals was conducted from January 2020 to November 2020 at the Radiology Department of Shiekh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. A consultant radiologist scanned both sides of the extra-cranial carotid artery tree. The DUS of carotid arteries was done with a GE Voluson Expert 730 Doppler ultrasound machine, using a linear probe with a transducer frequency of 6-12.5MHz. Results: A total of 366 patients underwent bilateral carotid Doppler ultrasound examinations. Our findings showed carotid plaques in 156 (42.62%) patients; the majority were males 105(67.53). The mean age recorded was 61.17 ±9.54 years and the mean body mass index was 25.43±3.40 Kg/m2. The highest number of plaques were noted in the left carotid artery 64 (41.03%), the main location was the common carotid artery 88 (56.41%) and, the majority were homogenous plagues 88 (56.41%).The majority of patients presented with headaches 177 (48.36%). Associated comorbidities were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: The accuracy of diagnosing Carotid artery plaques has greatly increased over time payable to radiological innovation.
Objective To determine the frequency of carotid plaques on Doppler USG and associated presenting symptoms at Tertiary Care Centre, Lahore Methods A cross-sectional study of 366 individuals was conducted from January 2020 to November 2020 at the Radiology Department of Shiekh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. A consultant radiologist scanned both sides of extra-cranial carotid artery tree. The DUS of carotid arteries was done with a GE Voluson Expert 730 Doppler ultrasound machine, using a linear probe with transducer frequency of 6-12.5MHz. Results A total of 366 patients underwent bilateral carotid Doppler ultrasound examinations. Our findings showed carotid plagues in 156 (42.62%) patients and majority were males 105(67.53). Mean age recorded was 61.17 ± 9.54 years and mean body mass index was 25.43 ± 3.40 Kg/m2. Highest number of plaques were noted in the left carotid artery 64 (41.03%), main location was common carotid artery 88 (56.41%) and majority were homogenous plagues 88 (56.41%).Majority patients presented with headache 177 (48.36%). Associated comorbidities were diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Conclusion The accuracy of diagnosing Carotid artery plagues has greatly increased over time due to radiological innovation. Carotid doppler ultrasound is a cheap noninvasive modality to detect carotid artery plagues due to its sensitivity, precision, and reliability. Since there is a high frequency of carotid plagues noted in middle age male adults, appropriate screening with prophylactic management can save a lot of disease burden from a lower middle income class country.
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