All blood bank services, especially those of developing countries, face a major shortfall of blood donations due to lack of voluntary blood donors. Our study aims to evaluate the acceptability of Short Message Service based interventions towards becoming voluntary blood donors among medical university students of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods. A total of 350 medical students were approached in medical universities of Karachi, Pakistan, using a nonprobability convenient sampling technique. Data collectors administered a self-made questionnaire to each participant using an interview based format. All data was recorded and analyzed on SPSS 16. Results. 350 participants, having a mean age of 21.47 ± 1.36, were included in our study with 30.6% (107/350) being males and 69.4% (243/350) being females. 93.4% (327/350) of participants agreed that donating blood was healthy, but only 26% had donated blood in the past with 79.1% donating voluntarily. 65.7% (230/350) of the participants agreed to take part in Short Message Service based behavioral interventions to become voluntary blood donors with 69.7% (244/350) also agreeing that Short Message Service reminders will promote them to donate blood more often. Conclusion. With university students willing to become voluntary blood donors, Pakistani blood banks can carry out Short Message Service based interventions to encourage them to donate blood.
To assess the incidence of NAFLD and biochemical profile in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. Study Design: It was a cross sectional descriptive study.
Several new infectious diseases have developed in recent years, and a few old ones that were formerly thought to pose no threat to humans have made a comeback. Millions of fatalities are attributed to these illnesses together, having a significant negative influence on the worldwide socioeconomic and healthcare sectors. The lack of appropriate medications for many of these disorders is one of the biggest obstacles to treating them. Yet, several of the most common diseases currently have no vaccinations that are reliable. The ideal vaccine should have several key characteristics, including safety, stability, and the capacity to induce a sufficient and long-lasting immune response with a minimal number of doses. To induce protective immunity against illnesses, different generation vaccines are employed, including attenuated or dead entire organisms (first generation), subunits (second generation), and RNA or DNA vaccines (third generation). To get beyond these obstacles, a reliable vaccination delivery mechanism is needed, one that not only gets the vaccine molecules to the target region where they can trigger long-lasting immune responses but also has few side effects and uses fewer doses. Only a few hundred atoms make up the majority of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have a relatively significant surface area-to-volume ratio because of their extremely small size. Nanoparticles can have surprising optical, physical, and chemical properties due to this property. Nanotechnology has many benefits for the creation of vaccines for the next generation. A delivery strategy based on nanocarriers can shield vaccines from early deterioration, increase stability, have high adjuvant qualities, and can help with the targeted distribution of an immunogen. The researcher conducts an examination of articles that are in accordance with the issue to be studied. Articles used in the literature review are obtained through the database of international journal providers through PubMed, we investigated clinical studies and discussed what happened in these clinical studies and the extent of the effectiveness of Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines. In order to achieve effective vaccine distribution and generate the required host immunity against infectious diseases, this review article focuses on the applications of nanocarrier-based vaccine formulations and the methodologies utilized for functionalizing nanoparticles.
Background: The aim of this study to evaluate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTC) sputum culture contamination and recovery between Lowenstein-Jensenmedium (LJ) contains Pencillin+LJ and free Pencillin LJ. Study design: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Khawaja Safdar Medical College, Sialkot /Allama Iqbal Memorial Hospital Sialkot for the duration of six months from September 2022 to February 2023. Methods: A total number of the participants was 140. The male and female gender were both included who suffered pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The sample n=140 were analyzed for culture and contamination. The sputum samples were taken in the early morning in the falcon tube and digested, decontaminated, and homogenized by Modified Petroff method. The specimen of sputum was processed on addition of Penicillin+ LJ media, and incubation was carried out at 37°C. After eight weeks, cultures were examined. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: The male 64.2% show greater number of cases as compared to female 36%. The suspected cases of PTB was compared with Pencillin+ LJ media and LJ media alone. 21.4% of the samples were positive mycobacterium (MTB), 79% were contaminated on LJ media while 93% were positive (MTB), and 7.1% of the samples were contaminated on LJ media without penicillin. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.005**). The grade 2+/3+ show 50% recovery by the treatment of pencillin+LJ on positive sample and 47% contaminated sample P<0.001** while graded scanty/+1 show recovery was 38%; p=0.001** with pencillin+LJ then 37% contaminated sample; p=0.002**. The difference in recovery between treatment with penicillin and without pencillin LJ was statistically significant; p<0.005. Conclusion: The contamination rate was reduced by 47% by penicillin+LJ media. Penicillin offered great alternatives for decreasing contamination in LJ alone. Penicillin should be further used as a medium supplement to enhance recovery for LJ media. Keywords: Culture media, Mycobacterium, Penicillin
Aim: To assess the main radiological feature of chest radiography for diagnosis and evaluation of COVID-19 patients. Methodology: A literature search was performed with the use of search engines. The following search engines provided us articles for this systematic review from until 27 February 2021: PubMed, NCBI, Medline, Medscape, and Google Scholar. We included only those articles in which CXR was performed on infected patients for the detection and evaluation of COVID-19. Results: out of eighty (80) articles, only twelve (12) were included in this review to assess the main radiological feature of chest radiography of COVID-19 patients. Patients who went for chest x-ray have shown following radiographic features with pooled percentages as mentioned GGO 32.38%, consolidation 35.15%, vascular congestion sign 7.92%, nodules 33.57% whereas pleural effusion accounts 19.36%, pneumothorax 18.55%, and lymphadenopathy was noted on 1.96%. Pooled Percentages of radiographic features of COVID-19 patients in right lung, left lung or both affected lungs were 21.32%, 5.77% and 47.78% respectively. This calculation is showing B/L lung involvement is more dominant as compare to right and left lung independently. Conclusion: Chest radiograph can be helpful modality in the diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up of SARS- CoV 2 pneumonia patients. Consolidation, GGO with peripheral distribution of lesion and bilateral pneumonia are most common findings of COVID-19 on chest X-ray. Chest x-ray are the baseline/first line approach for COVID-19 as it is easily available. Moreover, in late stages multiple radiological findings are quite helpful. Keywords: COVID-19, Chest X-Ray, Ground Glass Opacities, Consolidation.
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