Pandemics have occurred throughout the decades. The last pandemic was the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918, which infected 500 million people and caused death to as many as 100 million people worldwide. At present, a similar situation is occurring as coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has infected a few million people worldwide and has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. There are various mental health responses in pandemic outbreaks. People’s thought process, behavior, and emotional response to an outbreak vary greatly according to their own backgrounds and the community that they live in. For some people, the misinformation, uncertainty, and fear of contagion may increase stress and anxiety, which can induce mass panic. Mental health education and psychological support from all stakeholders, such as the government, health professionals, and the community, may be valuable during a pandemic.
BACKGROUND Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is an abnormal function of the bladder, urethra (and/or prostate in males) in patients with a clinically confirmed relevant neurologic disorder. Hence, accurate diagnosis and management of NLUTD is crucial. This study aimed to recognize the characteristics of NLUTD to identify, manage, and prevent the associated complications.
METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Urology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, from January 2011 to December 2021. The study analyzed data collected from voiding dysfunction patients with upper motor neurological disorders who underwent urodynamic studies during the study period. Incomplete data in the medical records were excluded.
RESULTS Mean age of the participants was 50.7 (18–95) years old. The most common cause of NLUTD was stroke (26.6%), followed by unspecified groups and spinal cord injury. Patients under 20 years old were affected by trauma and congenital defects. Of the patients, 34.0% had urinary retention, and 18.1% had incontinence. Small bladder capacity occurred in patients with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal/cerebral tumors, leading to decreased bladder compliance.
CONCLUSIONS NLUTD was associated with aging, with upper motor neurological lesions such as trauma, stroke, and spinal/cerebral injury being the most common etiologies. Most patients with NLUTD had small bladder capacity and decreased compliance based on urodynamic result.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.