Sisymbrium irio Linn belonging to family ‘Cruciferae’ is one of the well-known plant used in Unani Thearpy. Several studies done throughout the world on ‘Sisymbrium irio L’, also known as ‘London Rocket’ or ‘Khakshi’ has established that this annual herb is of tremendous medicinal benefits. This plant exhibits potential pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, detoxify spleen and liver, also used as febrifuge, expectorant, diuretic and used in the treatment of rheumatoid, voice disorders, boils, pimples, cough, and has bronchoprotective and hepatoprotective role. Various phytochemicals have been isolated scientifically from the different parts of the plants such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpinoids, carbohydrates, phenolics compounds, fatty acids, steroids, amino acids and proteins which were found to be of ‘Chemotherapeutic Interest’. This review paper summarizes the botanical description, ethnomedical, phytochemical and therapeutical role of the plant and highlighted the need of future research on this plant as a source of novel drug.
The discovery of antibiotics initiated the era of drug innovation and implementation for human and animal health. Very soon, antibiotic resistance started evolving due to over-prescription and heavy usage of drugs leading to deleterious side effects. However, using plant extracts or medicinal plants has emerged as a new approach to dealing with the current problem. One such medicinal plant Sisymbrium irio L. is widely used in Unani therapy as an antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, bronchoprotective etc. The phytochemicals extracted from the aerial part of the plant have been used as a natural compound library and screened against a well-known anti-bacterial drug target Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme of Staphylococcus aureus. The top two phytochemicals with lower docking score along with the positive control were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies to examine the stabilities of the complexes over 100 ns, followed by binding free energy estimation. The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) and Radius of Gyration (Rg) yielded established results throughout the MD run. Moreover, the derived phytochemicals exhibited lower binding free energy values than the positive control that can be tested for its in vitro efficacy, followed by further optimization to attain a potent therapeutic against S. aureus. Taken together, the present study suggests two promising phytochemicals derived from the aerial part of the plant S. irio with stable MD simulation results, strong binding affinity and no side effects.
Several studies done throughout the world on ‘SisymbriumIrio L’, also known as ‘London Rocket’ or ‘Khakshi’ have established that this annual herb is of tremendous medicinal benefits. This review paper will focus on researches done using samples collected at widespread geographical range such as Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Rajasthan, UK, Europe, Mediterranean Islands, North America, and Caucasia among others. Further, we will study various phytochemicals produced by aerial parts, seeds, and other partsofSisymbriumIrio L and their clinical uses which were discovered experimentally. Such as alkaloids of aerial parts for ‘Liver Disease’; flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids in seeds as expectorant and stimulant for ‘Clinical Asthma’; histamine aerosol for protection against ‘Bronchospasm’; ethyl acetate, aqueous extracts, and butanol from other parts as potential ‘Nutraceutical Antioxidant’. Apart from these, there is the presence of various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, triterpenoids or steroids, saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and tannins, and the absence of Anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides which were found to be of ‘Chemotherapeutic Interest’. Hence we will analyze the overall effects of various phytochemicals produced from different parts of Sisymbriumirio L and further study the possibility to use this plant as a potential replacement for various commercially used Antibiotics.
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