ObjectivesBasic life support (BLS) training in schools is associated with improved outcomes from cardiac arrest. International consensus statements have recommended universal BLS training for school-aged children. The current practice of BLS training in London schools is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess current practices of BLS training in London secondary schools.Setting, population and outcomesA prospective audit of BLS training in London secondary schools was conducted. Schools were contacted by email, and a subsequent telephone interview was conducted with staff familiar with local training practices. Response data were anonymised and captured electronically. Universal training was defined as any programme which delivers BLS training to all students in the school. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the results.ResultsA total of 65 schools completed the survey covering an estimated student population of 65 396 across 19 of 32 London boroughs. There were 5 (8%) schools that provide universal training programmes for students and an additional 31 (48%) offering training as part of an extracurricular programme or chosen module. An automated external defibrillator (AED) was available in 18 (28%) schools, unavailable in 40 (61%) and 7 (11%) reported their AED provision as unknown. The most common reasons for not having a universal BLS training programme are the requirement for additional class time (28%) and that funding is unavailable for such a programme (28%). There were 5 students who died from sudden cardiac arrest over the period of the past 10 years.ConclusionsBLS training rates in London secondary schools are low, and the majority of schools do not have an AED available in case of emergency. These data highlight an opportunity to improve BLS training and AEDs provision. Future studies should assess programmes which are cost-effective and do not require significant amounts of additional class time.
As is well known, energy levels appearing in the highly degenerate spectra of the A N´1 type of Haldane-Shastry and Polychronakos spin chains can be classified through the motifs, which are characterized by some sequences of the binary digits like '0' and '1'. In a similar way, at present we classify all energy levels appearing in the spectra of the BC N type of Polychronakos spin chains with Hamiltonians containing supersymmetric analogue of polarized spin reversal operators. To this end, we show that the BC N type of multivariate super Rogers-Szegö (SRS) polynomials, which at a certain limit reduce to the partition functions of the later type of Polychronakos spin chains, satisfy some recursion relation involving a q-deformation of the elementary supersymmetric polynomials. Subsequently, we use a Jacobi-Trudi like formula to define the corresponding q-deformed super Schur polynomials and derive a novel expression for the BC N type of multivariate SRS polynomials as suitable linear combinations of the q-deformed super Schur polynomials. Such an expression for SRS polynomials leads to a complete classification of all energy levels appearing in the spectra of the BC N type of Polychronakos spin chains through the 'branched' motifs, which are characterized by some sequences of integers of the form pδ 1 , δ 2 , ..., δ N´1 |lq, where δ i P t0, 1u and l P t0, 1, ..., Nu. Finally, we derive an extended boson-fermion duality relation among the restricted super Schur polynomials and show that the partition functions of the BC N type of Polychronakos spin chains also exhibit similar type of duality relation.
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