Background: The principal arteries of the upper limb show a wide range of variation that is of considerable interest to orthopaedic surgeons, plastic surgeons, radiologists and anatomists. The main arteries of the forearm are the ulnar and radial arteries, which usually arise opposite the neck of the radius in the inferior part of the cubital fossa as terminal branches of the brachial artery. The superficial ulnar artery is an ulnar artery of high origin that lies superficially in the forearm. Its importance lies on the field of vascular grafting. Knowledge of the course of such superficial artery is also important as it may be accidentally injured during surgery. Many studies have been done previously on regard of this aspect. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 30 upper limbs of 15 cadavers were examined for the presence of superficial ulnar artery during routine dissection for the teaching purpose of undergraduate students for a period of three years in the Department of Anatomy, R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata. The course of superficial ulnar artery, if any, was observed along with the course of radial and common interosseous artery of both sides. Observation: In two cadavers, (6.66% of total limbs dissected) the ulnar artery had origin from the brachial artery above the cubital fossa in the arm and proceeded superficially in the forearm but had normal termination in the hand. In one cadaver superficial ulnar artery was originating from the distal third of the brachial artery and on the other cadaver, it was arising from the junction of upper and lower half of the brachial artery. In both the cases, the brachial artery had a usual course in the arm but in the cubital fossa they divided into the radial artery and common interosseous artery and both of them followed the normal course. Conclusion: Knowledge of this variation is important for appropriate planning of operative procedures involving superficial ulnar artery. It is also important as it is highly vulnerable to intra-arterial injection.
Background: Morphological variations of muscles in the flexor compartment of forearm have been reported by several authors. Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) is a superficial flexor of forearm which is known to present variations regarding its occurrence, origin from unusual sites, presence of additional belly and /or tendon of existing muscle as well as its insertion pattern. The aim of the present study was to document variations of FCR muscle and to establish embryological and clinic-anatomical correlation of such variation. Methods: The present study was carried out on thirty upper limbs from fifteen cadavers of both sexes of different ages during routine dissection in the department of Anatomy over three years. Presence, absence or any other morphological variations of FCR muscle, its nerve-supply and relation to neighbouring structures were carefully observed. Results: Study revealed in one upper limb (right) that FCR muscle had an additional head of origin from tendoaponeurotic junction of biceps brachii muscle. No similar or other variation was observed in other cadavers and even on the contralateral side of the same cadaver. Conclusion: The variant we observed was explained on embryological background and based on reviewing related literature was documented not only as rare but seemed to be relevant and clinically noteworthy for clinical and radiological diagnosis of neurovascular compression syndrome affecting upper limb distal to cubital fossa and also to surgeons undertaking reconstructive surgeries.
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