Aim: The purpose of the present research was to assess the choice of treatment utilized by orthodontists in class II div.II malocclusion in case of young adults. Methodology: 8 questions were asked to 50 orthodontists during a survey regarding the treatment options in cases of class II div. II. They were asked about various appliances used as well as relapses in relation to these cases. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out using standard deviation, mean etc. The result was considered statistically significant when p value was <0.05. Results: Around 64.5% of participants faced problems like crowding of the anterior teeth as the major challenge followed by aberrant molar relationships, overbite depth, retroclination of maxillary incisors, and hypodivergent facial pattern of patients. 22 months is the average time the orthodontists (58%) remove the fixed appliances and follow them with retainers. 71% of participants feel that class II div. II relapse much more often as compared to class II div. I cases. 13.6% of orthodontists relied majorly preferred interdental stripping and tooth contouring. Conclusion: Surgical orthodontics is not preferred by the orthodontists in our study and class II div. II cases shows more relapses.
The study models are regarded as the gold standard tool in orthodontics since they aid in the diagnosis, treatment planning and monitoring of the changes that may occur throughout treatment. Besides these, plaster models are also used to monitor growth and clinical audits. A study model accurately replicates the teeth, surrounding soft tissues and occlusion. Traditionally, the orthodontic study models have been used to measure the overjet and overbite, tooth size, arch length, arch width, the curve of Wilson and Spee, space analysis and diagnostic setup. However, plaster models are still preferred by orthodontists since impression-making is convenient, and most patients tolerate them well. With recent advancements in digital technology, intraoral scanners have eliminated the need for conventional impression procedures and plaster models. The digital orthodontic models have overcome the majority of disadvantages associated with plaster models. With the advent of automated analysis using digital models, the entire process of orthodontic treatment planning based on study models has become more convenient and user-friendly. This article aims to comprehend the various model analyses used for diagnosis and treatment planning in the permanent dentition stage and deliver insight into current digital methods.
Objective: This review aims to explore the current status of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a cephalometric tool, summarize the equipment design and methods, and propose recommendations for future research. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, LILACS, and Cochrane Library, using broad search terms. The articles published in any language till June 2022 were considered. Cephalometric studies conducted using the MRI dataset on human participants, phantom or cadaver were included. Two independent reviewers assessed the final eligible articles using the quality assessment score (QAS). Results: Nine studies were included in the final assessment. Studies used various methods, including 1.5 T or 3 T MRI systems and 3D or 2D MRI datasets. Among the imaging sequences, T1-weighted, T2-weighted and black bone MR images were used for cephalometric analysis. In addition, the reference standards varied among studies, such as traditional 2D cephalogram, cone-beam CT and phantom measurements. The mean QAS of all the included studies was 79% (± 14.4%). The main limitation of most studies was the small sample size and the heterogeneity of the methods, statistical tools used, and metric outcomes assessed. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity and lack of metrological evidence on the effectiveness of MRI-based cephalometric analysis, the preliminary results demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies are encouraging. However, future studies exploring MRI sequences specific to cephalometric diagnosis are required for wider adoption of this technique in routine orthodontic practice.
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