Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are highly prevalent and comorbid among older adult male veterans. Both PTSD and OSA are independently associated with cognitive deficits in older adults, but little research regarding the impact of comorbid PTSD and OSA among older adults exists. Purpose: The current study aimed to examine the independent and interactive effects of PTSD and OSA on cognitive functioning in older adult veterans. Study Sample: Older adult male veterans with ( n = 106) and without PTSD ( n = 69), ranging in age from 55 to 89 ( M = 63.35). Data Collection: Participants underwent polysomnography evaluation to assess severity of OSA symptoms and comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation to assess cognitive functioning in 3 domains: attention and processing speed, learning and memory, and executive functioning. Results: Multiple regression analyses showed that the interaction between PTSD and OSA did not predict cognitive performance. However, PTSD significantly predicted poorer attention and processing speed, and increased OSA severity predicted poorer learning and memory. Conclusions: While PTSD and OSA did not have a synergistic detrimental impact on cognition, each independently predicted poorer cognitive functioning within certain domains, suggesting that older adults with these comorbid conditions may experience a wider array of cognitive difficulties.
Marijuana use is pervasive among young adults, and potential marijuana-related impairment may increase as marijuana gains increasing legal status in the United States. However, little is known about the causes and consequences of marijuana use among college students. This study examined the relations between marijuana use frequency and marijuana-related impairment as moderated by religious strength of faith in college students at a Christian university. Results supported study hypotheses—religious strength of faith moderated the relation between marijuana use frequency and marijuana-related impairment, such that individuals with greater religious strength of faith experienced greater marijuana-related impairment. These findings help clarify the nature of the relations between strength of faith and marijuana use and impairment and may inform interventions for problematic marijuana use.
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