Lung cancer is the most contributor of cancer cause death in the world. Lung cancer is related to cigarette consumption and genetic factor. Nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone is the most important inducer of lung cancer associated with DNA Mutations resulting in the activation of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral (KRAS) oncogenes. DNA Mutation in Lung cancer is mostly presence by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. There were seven potential biomarkers to detect early lung cancer, whereas carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin-19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), CA-199 and ferritin. The use of biomarkers in combination can improve the accuracy in diagnosing lung cancer. Other biomarkers include KRAS mutations, B-type Raf kinase (BRAF) mutation, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) amplification and Excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) can be used to see whether there are any genetic mutations that lead to lung cancer. Treatment of lung cancer with chemotherapy can be done using tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies.
BACKGROUND: Irisin is secreted by our muscle during physical exercise, which has been recently studied to be linked with lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of irisin that interact with the oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels that are affected by moderate intensity exercise in obese men aged ≥50 years.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 70 obese men whose age ≥50 years old as participants. Participants were classified into two groups of men with and without physical exercised, based on American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Irisin and ox-LDL plasma levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), meanwhile the HDL-C serum level was analyzed using homogenous enzymatic methods.RESULTS: The result showed an association between the duration of physical exercise per week and irisin level (R=0.584, p<0.01), also between the duration of physical excercise per week and ox-LDL level (R=-0.274, p<0.05). Meanwhile, there was a negative association between irisin levels and ox-LDL (R=-0.294, p<0.05). Irisin indicated to be correlated with HDL-C (R=0.215, p>0.05).CONCLUSION: Moderate-intensity physical exercise may decrease cardiovascular risk and improve the quality of life among obese subjects aged ≥50 years old, which was indicated by the decrease of ox-LDL and the increase of irisin level. In addition, it can be concluded that the higher the irisin level showed the lower levels of ox-LDL and higher level of HDL-C.KEYWORDS: obesity, elderly, irisin, ox-LDL, HDL-C, physical exercise
BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, or also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3 (NR1C3), is a PPAR which serves as master regulator of adipocytes differentiation, and plays an important role in lipid metabolism or adipogenesis. Recent study showed that PPAR-γ is expressed in most tissue and also has critical impact in many metabolic homeostasis disorders.CONTENT: Dysregulation of PPAR-γ is correlated to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, autoimmune disease, gastrointestinal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Abundant number of new emerging compounds, with in vitro and in vivo effectiveness as natural and synthetic agonists of PPARs, are investigated, developed and used as the treatment of metabolic disorders of glucose and/or lipid and other diseases.SUMMARY: Based on all studies explanation, targeting PPAR-γ is proven to be a good therapeutic method for reducing negative effect of several metabolic homeostasis disorder. Now, many natural and synthetic agonists of PPARs are used as the treatment of metabolic disorders of glucose and/or lipid or another metabolic homeostasis disorder. Such agonists have different properties and specificities for individual PPARs receptors, different absorption and distribution, and distinctive gene expression profiles, which ultimately lead to different clinical outcomes.KEYWORDS: PPAR-γ, dysregulation, agonist, adipogenesis, metabolic disorder, homeostasis
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